HHD EXAM REVISION WITH 100% DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
STUDY SET, Exams of Health sciences
Health - ANSWERA state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing,
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health Status - ANSWERAn individual's or populations overall health, taking
into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability
levels and levels of disease risk factors.
Life Expectancy - ANSWERAn indication of how long a person can expect to
live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age
if death rates do not change.
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy - ANSWERA measure of burden of disease,
based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent
in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can
expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Mortality - ANSWERThe number of deaths caused by a particular disease,
illness or environmental factor.
,Under Five Mortality Rate - ANSWERThe number of deaths of children under
five years of age per 1000 live births.
Morbidity - ANSWERRefers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill
health in a population or group.
Burden Of Disease - ANSWERA measure of the impact of diseases and
injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and
an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and
disability. Burden of Disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) - ANSWERA measure of burden of
disease - one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature
death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Years of Life Lost (YLL) - ANSWERThe fatal burden of disease of a population,
defined as the years of life lost due to death.
Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) - ANSWERThe non-fatal component of the
disease burden and is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to
diseases or injuries.
Prevalence - ANSWERThe number or proportion of cases of a particular
disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Incidence - ANSWERThe number or rate of new cases of a particular
condition during a specific time.
,Determinants of health - ANSWERPhysical environment
Biological
Behavioural
Social
Physical Environment - ANSWER- Water and air
- Workplaces
- Housing
- Roads
- Nature
- Schools
- Recreation settings
- Exposure to hazards.
Biological Determinants - ANSWER- Genetics
- Hormones
- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Cholesterol levels
Behavioural Determinants - ANSWER- Smoking
- Sexual activity
- Participation in physical activity
- Eating practices
, Social Determinants - ANSWER- Poverty
- Early life experiences
- Social networks
- Support
Costs: - ANSWERTo the individual and the community:
Direct
Indirect
Intangible.
Direct Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Cost Of Healthcare Services
- The Cost of Pharmaceuticals
- The Cost of Prevention Strategies
Indirect Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Unpaid Care
- Reduced or Lost Productivity
- Absenteeism
Intangible Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Loss of an individual from a
community due to premature death (can result in emotional pain)
Direct Costs to the Individual - ANSWER- The Cost of Medical Care
- Ambulance
- Pharmaceutical Expenses (co-payment)
STUDY SET, Exams of Health sciences
Health - ANSWERA state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing,
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health Status - ANSWERAn individual's or populations overall health, taking
into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability
levels and levels of disease risk factors.
Life Expectancy - ANSWERAn indication of how long a person can expect to
live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age
if death rates do not change.
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy - ANSWERA measure of burden of disease,
based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent
in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can
expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Mortality - ANSWERThe number of deaths caused by a particular disease,
illness or environmental factor.
,Under Five Mortality Rate - ANSWERThe number of deaths of children under
five years of age per 1000 live births.
Morbidity - ANSWERRefers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill
health in a population or group.
Burden Of Disease - ANSWERA measure of the impact of diseases and
injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and
an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and
disability. Burden of Disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) - ANSWERA measure of burden of
disease - one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature
death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Years of Life Lost (YLL) - ANSWERThe fatal burden of disease of a population,
defined as the years of life lost due to death.
Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) - ANSWERThe non-fatal component of the
disease burden and is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to
diseases or injuries.
Prevalence - ANSWERThe number or proportion of cases of a particular
disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Incidence - ANSWERThe number or rate of new cases of a particular
condition during a specific time.
,Determinants of health - ANSWERPhysical environment
Biological
Behavioural
Social
Physical Environment - ANSWER- Water and air
- Workplaces
- Housing
- Roads
- Nature
- Schools
- Recreation settings
- Exposure to hazards.
Biological Determinants - ANSWER- Genetics
- Hormones
- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Cholesterol levels
Behavioural Determinants - ANSWER- Smoking
- Sexual activity
- Participation in physical activity
- Eating practices
, Social Determinants - ANSWER- Poverty
- Early life experiences
- Social networks
- Support
Costs: - ANSWERTo the individual and the community:
Direct
Indirect
Intangible.
Direct Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Cost Of Healthcare Services
- The Cost of Pharmaceuticals
- The Cost of Prevention Strategies
Indirect Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Unpaid Care
- Reduced or Lost Productivity
- Absenteeism
Intangible Costs to the Community - ANSWER- Loss of an individual from a
community due to premature death (can result in emotional pain)
Direct Costs to the Individual - ANSWER- The Cost of Medical Care
- Ambulance
- Pharmaceutical Expenses (co-payment)
