(2026/2027) PATHO EXAM 1 NEWEST
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | A+
GRADE
A patient with an 18 pack per year history presents to a
family practice clinic complaining of painless hoarseness
and inability to clear mucus. A biopsy of respiratory tract
cells is taken and shows that these cells have been
replaced by less mature squamous epithelium cells. The
nurse knows this type of change is referred to as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Coagulation Correct Answer B
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has
occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a
decrease in muscle cell:
A. Number
B. Size
C. Vacuoles
D. Lipofuscin Correct Answer B
During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this
is referred to as _____ atrophy.
A. Physiologic
,B. Pathologic
C. Disuse
D. Neurogenic Correct Answer B
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows
that in response to an increased workload, cardiac
myocardial cells will:
A. Increase in size
B. Decrease in length
C. Increase in excitability
D. Increase in number Correct Answer A
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion.
The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury
secondary to:
A. Malnutrition
B. Free radicals
C. Ischemia
D. Chemical toxicity Correct Answer C
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell
injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and
breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use
to define this process?
A. Adaptation
B. Pathologic calcification
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis Correct Answer D
,A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis
following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination,
tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese).
Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Autonecrosis Correct Answer C
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within
6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this
finding as _____ present.
A. Livor mortis
B. Gangrene
C. Algor mortis
D. Rigor mortis Correct Answer D
Which of the following is responsible for initiating clonal
selection?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Antigens
D. Lymphocytes Correct Answer C
A 23-year-old pregnant female visits her primary care
provider for her final prenatal checkup. The primary care
provider determines that the fetus has developed an
, infection in utero. Which of the following would be
increased in the fetus at birth?
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD Correct Answer C
An experiment is designed to determine specific cell types
involved in cell-mediated immune response. The
experimenter is interested in finding cells that attack cells
that have specific antigens. Which cells should be
isolated?
A. Lymphokine-producing cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Macrophages Correct Answer B
Which of the following statements indicates more teaching
is needed regarding secondary lymph organs?
________is/are a secondary lymph organ.
A. The spleen
B. Peyer patches
C. Adenoids
D. The liver Correct Answer D
After a patient is exposed to a specific antigen, B cells will
differentiate into:
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) | A+
GRADE
A patient with an 18 pack per year history presents to a
family practice clinic complaining of painless hoarseness
and inability to clear mucus. A biopsy of respiratory tract
cells is taken and shows that these cells have been
replaced by less mature squamous epithelium cells. The
nurse knows this type of change is referred to as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Coagulation Correct Answer B
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has
occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a
decrease in muscle cell:
A. Number
B. Size
C. Vacuoles
D. Lipofuscin Correct Answer B
During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this
is referred to as _____ atrophy.
A. Physiologic
,B. Pathologic
C. Disuse
D. Neurogenic Correct Answer B
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows
that in response to an increased workload, cardiac
myocardial cells will:
A. Increase in size
B. Decrease in length
C. Increase in excitability
D. Increase in number Correct Answer A
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion.
The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury
secondary to:
A. Malnutrition
B. Free radicals
C. Ischemia
D. Chemical toxicity Correct Answer C
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell
injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and
breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use
to define this process?
A. Adaptation
B. Pathologic calcification
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis Correct Answer D
,A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis
following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination,
tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese).
Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Autonecrosis Correct Answer C
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within
6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this
finding as _____ present.
A. Livor mortis
B. Gangrene
C. Algor mortis
D. Rigor mortis Correct Answer D
Which of the following is responsible for initiating clonal
selection?
A. B cells
B. T cells
C. Antigens
D. Lymphocytes Correct Answer C
A 23-year-old pregnant female visits her primary care
provider for her final prenatal checkup. The primary care
provider determines that the fetus has developed an
, infection in utero. Which of the following would be
increased in the fetus at birth?
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD Correct Answer C
An experiment is designed to determine specific cell types
involved in cell-mediated immune response. The
experimenter is interested in finding cells that attack cells
that have specific antigens. Which cells should be
isolated?
A. Lymphokine-producing cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Macrophages Correct Answer B
Which of the following statements indicates more teaching
is needed regarding secondary lymph organs?
________is/are a secondary lymph organ.
A. The spleen
B. Peyer patches
C. Adenoids
D. The liver Correct Answer D
After a patient is exposed to a specific antigen, B cells will
differentiate into:
