NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST EXAM 2025-2026
ORGANIZED QUESTIONS ,STEP BY
STEP EXPLANATIONS AND
REVIEW GUIDE ALREADY
GRADED A+ AND 100%
GUARANTEE PASS (LATEST
VERSION !!!!!!!)
does not - THE CORRECT ANSWER-bioequivalence does/does not
affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - THE CORRECT ANSWER-relative therapeutic
effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--chemical
instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - THE CORRECT ANSWER--enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and
products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
,-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics,
and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain
drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole)
because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - THE CORRECT ANSWER-An inducer
increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased
level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - THE CORRECT ANSWER-An inhibitor
decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an
increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - THE CORRECT ANSWER-prodrug that must be activated
by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have
reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - THE CORRECT ANSWER-how often a drug is
administered
4-5 - THE CORRECT ANSWER-steady state is reached in _-_ times the
half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
, -takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - THE CORRECT ANSWER-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--rapid anticoagulation by
binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa,
XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER-direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - THE CORRECT ANSWER--directly into
systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin),
rapid absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - THE CORRECT ANSWER--into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower
peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - THE CORRECT ANSWER--aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as
polyethene glycol (simple diffusion)
GUIDE LATEST EXAM 2025-2026
ORGANIZED QUESTIONS ,STEP BY
STEP EXPLANATIONS AND
REVIEW GUIDE ALREADY
GRADED A+ AND 100%
GUARANTEE PASS (LATEST
VERSION !!!!!!!)
does not - THE CORRECT ANSWER-bioequivalence does/does not
affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - THE CORRECT ANSWER-relative therapeutic
effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--chemical
instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - THE CORRECT ANSWER--enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and
products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
,-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics,
and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain
drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole)
because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - THE CORRECT ANSWER-An inducer
increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased
level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - THE CORRECT ANSWER-An inhibitor
decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an
increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - THE CORRECT ANSWER-prodrug that must be activated
by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have
reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - THE CORRECT ANSWER-how often a drug is
administered
4-5 - THE CORRECT ANSWER-steady state is reached in _-_ times the
half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
, -takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - THE CORRECT ANSWER-warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER--rapid anticoagulation by
binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa,
XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) - THE CORRECT ANSWER-direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration - THE CORRECT ANSWER--directly into
systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin),
rapid absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV - THE CORRECT ANSWER--into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower
peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM - THE CORRECT ANSWER--aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as
polyethene glycol (simple diffusion)
