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NSG 530 Exam 3 Advanced Pathophysiology
– Wilkes Questions & Answers
THIS EXAM CONTAINS:
100% Guarantee Pass.
Multiple-Choice (A-D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes the Correct Answer
Expert-Verified Explanation
1. A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
A) Calcium
B) Struvite
,C) Uric acid
D) Indinavir
Answer: B) Struvite
Explanation: Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
They are also known as infection stones because they form in alkaline urine caused by
urea-splitting bacteria, such as Proteus species.
2. A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle.
Which condition is associated with this medical problem?
A) Spinal cord injury
B) Immune system dysfunction
C) Congestive heart failure
D) Renal carcinoma
Answer: A) Spinal cord injury
Explanation: Spinal cord injuries can disrupt the normal neural control of the bladder,
leading to neurogenic bladder dysfunction. This often manifests as overactivity of the
detrusor muscle, causing involuntary contractions, urgency, and incontinence.
3. Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
A) It is associated with p53.
B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
C) Early stages produce a large abdominal mass.
D) Granular cell tumors have better prognosis.
Answer: B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
Explanation: Painless hematuria is a classic presenting sign of renal cell carcinoma. The
tumor is often silent until advanced stages, and hematuria occurs when the lesion erodes
into the calyces or pelvis of the kidney.
4. A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with
bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper
urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Urinary tract infection
D) Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Answer: B) Pyelonephritis
Explanation: Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma (upper
urinary tract). Symptoms like flank (back) pain, abdominal pain, fever, and chills
differentiate it from lower UTIs like cystitis, which primarily causes dysuria, urgency, and
frequency.
5. With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus
C) Group A Streptococcus
D) Klebsiella
Answer: C) Group A Streptococcus
Explanation: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a classic example. It
typically follows a streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection and is caused by immune
complex deposition in the glomeruli.
6. A diabetic child with 4.0 g of protein in her urine each day is experiencing
edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
, A) Nephritic syndrome
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Acute renal failure
D) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Answer: B) Nephrotic syndrome
Explanation: Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, edema, and
hyperlipidemia are the hallmark signs of nephrotic syndrome. The protein loss can also
lead to deficiencies in vitamin D-binding protein.
7. A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal
surface of the penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
A) Hypospadias
B) Epispadias
C) Exstrophy
D) Ureteropelvic junction
Answer: B) Epispadias
Explanation: Epispadias is a congenital defect where the urethral opening is on the dorsal
(top) surface of the penis. Hypospadias, more common, is when the opening is on the
ventral (underside) surface.
8. A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and
receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
A) Potter syndrome
B) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Infundibular stenosis
D) Megacalycosis
Answer: A) Potter syndrome
Explanation: The described facial features are characteristic of Potter syndrome
(oligohydramnios sequence), which results from bilateral renal agenesis or other severe
renal malformations that lead to low amniotic fluid levels in utero.
9. A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which
statement regarding this child's acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is
true?
A) Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
C) There is decreased vascular permeability.
D) No signs of inflammation are present.
Answer: B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
Explanation: While it is established that APSGN is caused by immune complex deposition,
the precise pathogenic mechanisms—including the specific antigens and the reason only
some individuals develop the disease—are not fully understood.
10. A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and
abdominal pain. Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A) Henoch-Schönlein purpura
B) Hemolytic uremic syndrome
C) Primary nephrotic syndrome
D) Minimal change nephropathy
Answer: A) Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Explanation: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic IgA-mediated vasculitis. It
NSG 530 Exam 3 Advanced Pathophysiology
– Wilkes Questions & Answers
THIS EXAM CONTAINS:
100% Guarantee Pass.
Multiple-Choice (A-D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes the Correct Answer
Expert-Verified Explanation
1. A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
A) Calcium
B) Struvite
,C) Uric acid
D) Indinavir
Answer: B) Struvite
Explanation: Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
They are also known as infection stones because they form in alkaline urine caused by
urea-splitting bacteria, such as Proteus species.
2. A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle.
Which condition is associated with this medical problem?
A) Spinal cord injury
B) Immune system dysfunction
C) Congestive heart failure
D) Renal carcinoma
Answer: A) Spinal cord injury
Explanation: Spinal cord injuries can disrupt the normal neural control of the bladder,
leading to neurogenic bladder dysfunction. This often manifests as overactivity of the
detrusor muscle, causing involuntary contractions, urgency, and incontinence.
3. Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
A) It is associated with p53.
B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
C) Early stages produce a large abdominal mass.
D) Granular cell tumors have better prognosis.
Answer: B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
Explanation: Painless hematuria is a classic presenting sign of renal cell carcinoma. The
tumor is often silent until advanced stages, and hematuria occurs when the lesion erodes
into the calyces or pelvis of the kidney.
4. A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with
bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper
urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Urinary tract infection
D) Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Answer: B) Pyelonephritis
Explanation: Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma (upper
urinary tract). Symptoms like flank (back) pain, abdominal pain, fever, and chills
differentiate it from lower UTIs like cystitis, which primarily causes dysuria, urgency, and
frequency.
5. With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus
C) Group A Streptococcus
D) Klebsiella
Answer: C) Group A Streptococcus
Explanation: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a classic example. It
typically follows a streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection and is caused by immune
complex deposition in the glomeruli.
6. A diabetic child with 4.0 g of protein in her urine each day is experiencing
edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
, A) Nephritic syndrome
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Acute renal failure
D) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Answer: B) Nephrotic syndrome
Explanation: Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, edema, and
hyperlipidemia are the hallmark signs of nephrotic syndrome. The protein loss can also
lead to deficiencies in vitamin D-binding protein.
7. A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal
surface of the penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
A) Hypospadias
B) Epispadias
C) Exstrophy
D) Ureteropelvic junction
Answer: B) Epispadias
Explanation: Epispadias is a congenital defect where the urethral opening is on the dorsal
(top) surface of the penis. Hypospadias, more common, is when the opening is on the
ventral (underside) surface.
8. A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and
receding chin. What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
A) Potter syndrome
B) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Infundibular stenosis
D) Megacalycosis
Answer: A) Potter syndrome
Explanation: The described facial features are characteristic of Potter syndrome
(oligohydramnios sequence), which results from bilateral renal agenesis or other severe
renal malformations that lead to low amniotic fluid levels in utero.
9. A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which
statement regarding this child's acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is
true?
A) Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
C) There is decreased vascular permeability.
D) No signs of inflammation are present.
Answer: B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
Explanation: While it is established that APSGN is caused by immune complex deposition,
the precise pathogenic mechanisms—including the specific antigens and the reason only
some individuals develop the disease—are not fully understood.
10. A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and
abdominal pain. Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A) Henoch-Schönlein purpura
B) Hemolytic uremic syndrome
C) Primary nephrotic syndrome
D) Minimal change nephropathy
Answer: A) Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Explanation: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic IgA-mediated vasculitis. It
