Test Bank for Kuby Immunology with COVID-19, 8th Edition | Sharon Stranford, Judy Owen, Jenni Punt, Patricia Jones | Updated 2025 | A+

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, Chapter01

1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-specific antibodies develop were the
instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ? Which was ultimately shown to be
CORRECT?

CORRECTANSWER:Theselectivetheorysaysthat,whenanantigenreceptorbindswithanantigen,thecell n n n n n n




becomesactivated(orthecellisselected toproliferateandsecretemorecopiesofthereceptor).Theinstructional n




theorysaysthattheantigenreceptormoldsitselftotheantigen.Theselectivetheorywasshowntobecorrect.
n




2. Often,serendipityplaysarolein significantscientificdiscoveries.Inyourownwords,explainhow
n n n




serendipityledPasteurtodiscoveracholeravaccine.

CORRECTANSWER:Pasteurdevelopedthevaccineinchickens,whichwereinshortsupply.Hechallenged
groupsofchickenswithcholerabacteria—someofwhich werepreviouslyexposedtoanattenuatedversionof n n




cholerabacteria.Onlythepreviouslyexposedanimalswereprotectedfromanewchallenge,whichled totheuse
n n n n n




ofweakenedpathogensasvaccines.



3. Despiteitshavingbeeneradicatedonaglobalscale,smallpoxispresentlyconsidered apotential
n n n n n j




bioterrorismthreat.Why?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As
populations continued to grow over time, an ever-increasing percentage of the human population remains
unvaccinatedandthus,isstillsusceptibletothedisease.
n




4. Priorto1999,itwasclaimedthatathimerosaladditiveinvaccineswascontributingtotherisingincidence
ofautism.Iftheclaimsweretrue,whatresultanttrendmightyou expecttoobserveintherateofautismonce
n n n n




thimerosalwasremovedfromvaccines?

CORRECTANSWER: Onewouldreasonablyexpecta decreaseintherateofautism. However, casesofautism
n n




continuedtoriseafterthimerosalwasremovedfromvaccinesin2001. n




5. Given thediscoveryand developmentofeffectiveantibiotics,makeanargument forthecontinued
n n n n




useofvaccinesagainstbacterialpathogens.Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.
n




CORRECTANSWER:Antibioticsareusedfortreatmentofdisease,nottypicallyforprevention.Antibiotic
treatmentisnotfoolproof(consideringtherisingincidenceofantibioticresistance).Vaccinesarea
n n




preventativemeasure,andpreventionisthegoldstandardforinfectiousdiseasecontrolmeasures.
n n n

,6. Youhaveafriendunfamiliarwithimmunology,andheasksyouthefollowingquestion:"WhydoIneedthe n n n




flushoteveryyear,butdon'tneeda n annualchickenpox vaccine?"Asastudentofimmunology,howwouldyou
n n n n n n




explainthisdiscrepancytoyourfriend?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

CORRECTANSWER:Thevirusthatcausesthefluchangeseveryyear-asaresult,anewfluvaccinemustben n n




prepared eachyearbasedonapredicationofthemost commonformsoftheviruslikelytobeencountered.
n n n n




Vaccinesarespecificinthetypeofpathogenagainstwhichtheyprotect,andprotectionagainstonetypedoes n




notguaranteeprotectionagainstpathogensthatareclosely-related. n




7. Provideonebenefitandonedrawbackofgeneratingrandomrecognitionreceptorsduringthe
n n n j n n




developmentofBcells.
n




CORRECTANSWER:Abenefitishavingthecapacitytorecognizeand respondtodiversepathogensasthey n




evolve.Adrawback isthatsomerecognitionreceptorscouldpotentiallyrecognizeandtarget host antigens. n n




8. Aportionofourimmunesystems'whitebloodcellsisconstantlycirculatingthroughoutthebodyvia
n n n n




circulationandlymphatics.Whatisthebenefitofsuchcirculation?

CORRECTANSWER:Thecirculationofthewhitebloodcellsallowsforamorecomprehensivesurveillanceof
thebodyforthepresenceofpotentialpathogens.Asignificantportionofthehumanbodyisconstantlyexposedto
n n n




potentialmicrobialpathogens.



9. Completethefollowingtablebycomparingandcontrastinginnateandadaptiveimmuner esponses.
n n n n n




InnateImmunity AdaptiveImmunity

Ismediatedbywhat cells? n




Whatdotheyrecognize?

Howarethereceptorsencoded?
n




Whycan'ttheycontrolallinfectionsalone?What do
n n n




theydoinresponsetoantigen?

, CORRECTANSWER:
Adaptive
InnateImmunity
Immunit
y
Macrophages,NK
Ismediatedby TcellsandB
cells,neutrophils,
whatcells? cells
mastcellseosinophils
Whatdothey Specific
Pathogenpatterns
recognize? epitope
s
Howarethe
Rearranged
receptors Germline
genesegments
encoded?
Whycan'tthey
Pathogensevolve Takestoolong
n




controlall
n




escapemechanisms todevelop
infections
alone? Produce
Engulfanddestroy,
Whatdotheydo antibodies,kill
induce inflammation
inresponseto infectedcells
nn nn




antigen?




10. Whatarethehallmarksofinflammation?Describethephysicalcharacteristicsofsomeone
experiencinganinflammatoryresponse.
n




CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencinginflammation might have
localizedswellingandrednessoritchingormaybeexperiencingfaintnessduetoaloweringofbloodpressure
n n n n n




ifmoresevere.



11. Uponreceivingimmuneserumasatreatmentforavenomoussnakebite,wouldtherecipientbe
n n n n n




immunefromfuturebitesofthesamespecies?

CORRECTANSWER:Intheshort-term,probably,astheserumcontainsprotectiveantibodiesagainst the
venom. Inthelong-term, no,asserum treatment is aformofpassiveimmunity. Passiveimmunity does not
generatelong-livedmemorycells.



12. Provideonecommonfeatureofand twodifferencesbetweenB-cell receptorsand PRRs.
n n




CORRECT ANSWER: Acommonfeature is that theybothare used torecognizeforeign antigens. AB- cell
receptorismoreselectivethanaPRR.TheDNAthatencodesforaPRRinanindividualisinherited. The DNA
thatencodesforamatureB-cellreceptorfromanindividualisnotpassedontooffspring.
n n n