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A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
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Patrick J. Hurley
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,Chapter 1 Test A mf mf mf
MULTIPLE CHOICE mf
INSTRUCTIONS: The f ollowing selections relate to d istinguishing arguments from n onarguments a mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
nd identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing h appiness gap between men and women. Women today are workin
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g more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typic
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al woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity consider
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ed unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty y ears ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... b etween men and women. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in b iochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressur
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e (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme producti
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on (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions
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that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall inform
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ation.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the p roteins ... and sperm p roduction.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. mf mf mf mf
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces o ther metals in b iochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also d isplaces calcium ... recall information.
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ANS: C m f PTS: m f m f 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose th
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e proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of e
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motion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who hav
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e the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation.
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David Cooper, Value Pluralism a nd Ethical Choice mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle f ocused o n clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c. Argument; conclusion: They h ave the capacity to f ollow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E m f PTS: m f m f 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many o f them also pay state, local, and federal income ta
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x and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount the
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se merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of th
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eir employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
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a. Argument; conclusion: It is n ot correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants p ay ... Social Security tax.
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d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: A m f PTS: m f m f 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
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arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-
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American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other et
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hnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property a
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nd served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended
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up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
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Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... o ther ethnic groups.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For b oth murder and d rug o ffenses ... b lack women.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies h ave indicated ... o ver-sentenced.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison.
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ANS: B m f PTS: m f m f 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are crimin
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al elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. On
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ce a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing i
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
dentity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie com
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puters to visit pay-per-click ads.
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a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to d etect u nprotected PCs.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... f encing stolen IDs.
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c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to v isit pay-per-click ads.
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e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... p rotected by a f irewall.
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ANS: E m f PTS: m f m f 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made throug
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h the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state
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mfof interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists
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.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: The p henomena ... state o f interplanetary space.
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b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... f or planetologists. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere.
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ANS: C m f PTS: m f m f 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communiti
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es abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines
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can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
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sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
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a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will b e halted. mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... n ot needed.
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2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be h alted ... will be averted.mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: A m f PTS: m f m f 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to u
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nderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel, l
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earn, remember, and think all stem f rom n euronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
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communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and menta
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l processing.
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Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: To u nderstand our behavior ... the neuron. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are b iological o rganisms. mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: How we f eel ... n euronal activity. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: How a n euron works ... mental processing. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
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nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
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organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and st
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ored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
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Jacquelyn C. Black, M icrobiology: Principles a nd Explorations mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can b e crystallized ... cause disease.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
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ANS: B m f PTS: m f m f 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warmin
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g problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down
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b y 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovol
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taic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity.
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Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
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Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... b y 8 2 p ercent since 1981.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming p roblem.
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d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... d irectly into electricity.
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ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit
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. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
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evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were execute
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d. For many o f these prisoners n o DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had b een available,
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how may more would have been exonerated?
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a. Argument; conclusion: In many o f these cases ... played a crucial role. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1 973 ... have been exonerated. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: For many o f these prisoners ... was available. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they d id n ot commit.
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3
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A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
m
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Patrick J. Hurley
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,Chapter 1 Test A mf mf mf
MULTIPLE CHOICE mf
INSTRUCTIONS: The f ollowing selections relate to d istinguishing arguments from n onarguments a mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
nd identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing h appiness gap between men and women. Women today are workin
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
g more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typic
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
al woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity consider
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ed unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty y ears ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... b etween men and women. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
metals in b iochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressur
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e (which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme producti
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
on (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
that transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall inform
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ation.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the p roteins ... and sperm p roduction.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. mf mf mf mf
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces o ther metals in b iochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also d isplaces calcium ... recall information.
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ANS: C m f PTS: m f m f 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose th
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of e
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
motion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who hav
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation.
mf mf mf
David Cooper, Value Pluralism a nd Ethical Choice mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle f ocused o n clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c. Argument; conclusion: They h ave the capacity to f ollow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E m f PTS: m f m f 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many o f them also pay state, local, and federal income ta
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
x and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount the
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
se merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of th
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
eir employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
f mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: It is n ot correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants p ay ... Social Security tax.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A m f PTS: m f m f 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-
mf mf mf mf
American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other et
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
hnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property a
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
nd served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... o ther ethnic groups.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For b oth murder and d rug o ffenses ... b lack women.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies h ave indicated ... o ver-sentenced.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: B m f PTS: m f m f 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are crimin
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
al elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. On
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ce a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing i
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
dentity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie com
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
puters to visit pay-per-click ads.
mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to d etect u nprotected PCs.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... f encing stolen IDs.
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c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to v isit pay-per-click ads.
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e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... p rotected by a f irewall.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: E m f PTS: m f m f 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made throug
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
h the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state
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mfof interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists
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.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: The p henomena ... state o f interplanetary space.
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b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... f or planetologists. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: C m f PTS: m f m f 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communiti
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es abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines
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can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
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sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
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a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will b e halted. mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... n ot needed.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be h alted ... will be averted.mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: A m f PTS: m f m f 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to u
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nderstand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel, l
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earn, remember, and think all stem f rom n euronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and menta
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
l processing.
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Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: To u nderstand our behavior ... the neuron. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are b iological o rganisms. mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: How we f eel ... n euronal activity. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: How a n euron works ... mental processing. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
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nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
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organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and st
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
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Jacquelyn C. Black, M icrobiology: Principles a nd Explorations mf mf mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can b e crystallized ... cause disease.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: B m f PTS: m f m f 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warmin
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
g problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down
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b y 82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovol
f mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
taic cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity.
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Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
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Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" mf mf mf mf
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... b y 8 2 p ercent since 1981.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming p roblem.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... d irectly into electricity.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
ANS: D m f PTS: m f m f 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
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evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were execute
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d. For many o f these prisoners n o DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had b een available,
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how may more would have been exonerated?
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a. Argument; conclusion: In many o f these cases ... played a crucial role. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1 973 ... have been exonerated. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
d. Argument; conclusion: For many o f these prisoners ... was available. mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they d id n ot commit.
mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf mf
3
