TEST BANK A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION Patrick J. HurleyTEST BANK A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION Patrick J. HurleyTEST BANK A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION Patrick J. HurleyTEST BANK A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOG

TESTBANK Il̀




ACONCISEINTRODUCTIONTO LOGIC11TH EDITION
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Patrick J. Hurley
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,Chapter 1 Test A
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MULTIPLE CHOICE Il`




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
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more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
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woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
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unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` D PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
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(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
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(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` C PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of emotion
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and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have the
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capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation.
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David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Nonargument.
ANS: I l ` E PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
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merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
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a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`

, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Nonargument.

ANS: I l ` A PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
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over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be
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arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly
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longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and
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drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than
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black women.
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Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` B PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
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elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
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vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
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theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to
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visit pay-per-click ads.
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a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` E PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through
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the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
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interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
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Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` C PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
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abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can
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be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
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sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
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a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`

, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` A PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
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understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
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learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
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communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
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processing.
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Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Nonargument.
ANS: I l ` D PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
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nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
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organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
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stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
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Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` B PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
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problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
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82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
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cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
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the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
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Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" Il` Il` Il` Il`




a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




ANS: I l ` D PTS: I l ` I l ` 2

12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
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From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
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evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
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For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
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may more would have been exonerated?
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a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`




e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`