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,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
2. Chemical Components of Cells
3. Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
4. Protein Structure and Function
5. DNA and Chromosomes
6. DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination
7. From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome
8. Control of Gene Expression
9. How Genes and Genomes Evolve
10. Modern Recombinant DNA Technology
11. Membrane Structure
12. Transport Across Cell Membranes
13. How Cells Obtain Energy from Food
14. Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
15. Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport
16. Cell Signaling
17. Cytoskeleton
18. The Cell Division Cycle
19. Sexual Reproduction and the Pow er of Genetics
20. Cellular Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer
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, Chapter 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
Unity And Diversity Of Cells
1-1 Living Systems Are Incredibly Diverse In Size, Shape, Environment, And Behavior. It Is Estimated That
There Are Between 10 Million And 100 Million Different Species. Despite This Wide Variety Of
Organisms, It Remains Difficult To Define What It Means To Say Something Is Alive. Which Of The
Following Can Be Described As The Smallest Living Unit?
(a) DNA
(b) Cell
(c) Organelle
(d) Protein
1-2 Indicate Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False. If The Statement Is False, Explain
Why It Is False.
A. The Paramecium Is A Multicellular Microorganism Covered With Hair-Like Cilia.
B. Cells Of Different Types Can Have Different Chemical Requirements.
C. The Branchlike Extensions That Sprout From A Single Nerve Cell In A Mammalian Brain Can Extend
Over Several Hundred Micrometers.
1-3 For Each Of The Following Sentences, Fill In The Blanks With The Best Word Or Phrase Selected From
The List Below. Not All Words Or Phrases Will Be Used; Each Word Or Phrase Should Be Used Only
Once.
Cells Can Be Very Diverse: Superficially, They Come In Various Sizes, Ranging From Bacterial Cells
Such As Lactobacillus, Which Is A Few In Length, To Larger Cells Such As A Frog’s Egg, Which Has A
Diameter Of About One .Despite The Diversity, Cells Resemble Each Other To An Astonishing
Degree In Their Chemistry. For Example, The Same 20 Are Used To Make Proteins.
Similarly, The Genetic Information Of All Cells Is Stored In Their . Although
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, Contain The Same Types Of Molecules As Cells, Their Inability To
Reproduce Themselves By Their Own Efforts Means That They Are Not Considered Living
Matter.
Amino Acids Micrometer(S) Viruses
DNA Millimeter(S) Yeast
Fatty Acids Plants
Meter Plasma Membranes
1-4 How Does Cellular Specialization Serve Multicellular Organisms And How Might A High
Degree Of Specialization Be Detrimental?
1-5 The Flow Of Genetic Information Is Controlled By A Series Of Biochemical Reactions That
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