HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW COMPREHENSIVE- ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY EXAM 100% SOLVED.   Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? - ANSWERNon determinist and

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW COMPREHENSIVE- ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY EXAM 100% SOLVED.   Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? - ANSWERNon determinist and soft determinist The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior. - ANSWERSoft Determinist For Aristotle, sensory experience - ANSWERwas necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because: - ANSWERtheir movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position? - ANSWERwhat is truth is not affected by the cultterm-5ure in which one lives Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in common. - ANSWERinductive definition The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause. - ANSWERefficient ____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. - ANSWERIrrationalism The study of knowledge is called: - ANSWERepistemology The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called: - ANSWERnaive realism Philosophy began: - ANSWERwhen logos replaced mythos The allegory of the cave demonstrates: - ANSWERhow difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by: - ANSWERphilosopher-kings For Aristotle, sensory experience: - ANSWERis necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because: - ANSWERof the remnants of sensory experiences What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas? - ANSWERTo strengthen the position of the church through reason Copernicus argued that: - ANSWERthe earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? - ANSWERprimary quality: size; secondary quality: color According to Galileo, secondary qualities: - ANSWERcannot be measured objectively Galileo was among the first to suggest that: - ANSWERa science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible According to Bacon, science should utilize: - ANSWERonly the direct observation of nature History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. - ANSWERSkinner Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: - ANSWERinteractionism Descartes believed that: - ANSWERthe mind is nonmaterial Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called: - ANSWERpositivism The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called: - ANSWERZoroastrianism According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by: - ANSWERa purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to: - ANSWERenter into a personal, emotional union with God Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)? - ANSWERArab philosophy, science, and theology flourished Aquinas' great achievement was the: - ANSWERreconciliation of faith and reason To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used: - ANSWERthe dialectic method All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except: - ANSWERit was basically Platonistic According to Lombard, all of the following was a way of knowing God except: - ANSWERavoiding sensory experience This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title "Destroyer of Religion." - ANSWEREpicurus All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except: - ANSWERPythagoras b. Plato c. William of Occam Correct(p. 92) d. Aquinas Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy? - ANSWER. Zeno of Citium b. the Epicureans Incorrect(pp. 69-71) c. the Stoics d. all of these choices Feedback The correct answer is: all of these choices Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism? - ANSWERa deep appreciation of Aristotelianism Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1,700 years before Copernicus? - ANSWERAristarchus of Samos The only justification for accepting Copernicus' heliocentric theory was that it: - ANSWERexplained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order Which of the following was a negative aspect of Protestantism? - ANSWERIt embraced the philosophies of Aristotle. b. It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. c. It accepted reason and the observation of nature as ways of knowing God. Incorrect(p. 103) d. As a religion, it was very forgiving of its followers' sins. Feedback The correct answer is: It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except: - ANSWERshow that essences are important for explanations According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the: - ANSWERidol of the tribe According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constituted the: - ANSWERidol of the cave According to Renaissance humanists, Aristotle's philosophy had: - ANSWERbecome too influential within the church Deduction involves: - ANSWERpredicting a particular even from a general principle Newton believed all of the following except: - ANSWERexplanations of natural events must always be as simple as possible b. natural events can never be explained by postulating properties inherent to them Incorrect(p. 113) c. classification is not explanation d. because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose Feedback The correct answer is: because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles. - ANSWER. innate Incorrect(p. 120) b. mechanical c. religious d. rational Feedback The correct answer is: mechanical The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was: - ANSWERAverroes Philo believed all of the following except: - ANSWERcourage in the face of adversity was the highest virtue During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was not true? - ANSWERscientific inquiry and reason were encouraged Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness was written by: - ANSWERSt. Augustine ____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy. - ANSWERMaimonides The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called: - ANSWERRealism The mystery religions that were influential in the early Roman Empire were characterized by all of the following except - ANSWERa belief in multiple Gods Descartes had an intellectual crisis when: - ANSWERit occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory? - ANSWERmathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy Petrarch believed all of the following except: - ANSWERScholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems According to Bacon, scientific theory: - ANSWERbiased observations Giovanni Pico argued that: - ANSWERGod had granted humans a unique position in the universe. Newton believed all of the following about the universe except that: - ANSWERit was too complex to be understood by anyone but God Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority? - ANSWERthe embracing of Aristotle's empirical views Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality. These concepts refer respectively to which? - ANSWERprimary; secondary qualities All of the following were reasons that Kepler accepted Copernicus's heliocentric theory except: - ANSWERKepler believed that Copernicus' theory gave humans a favored place in the universe Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by: - ANSWERMontaigne Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: - ANSWERvibratiuncles CHAPTERS 5+ 6 La Mettrie believed that: - ANSWERaccepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world Comte used the term sociology to describe: - ANSWERthe study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development According to ____, the best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. - ANSWERutilitarianism According to Locke, a secondary quality was: - ANSWERan aspect of the physical world that could only stimulate psychological experiences Bain's goal was to - ANSWERdescribe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that: - ANSWERhumans do not share the same ideas According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior. - ANSWERinvoluntary; voluntary According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind - ANSWERexperience Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it. - ANSWERcompound association With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed? - ANSWERHappiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain. Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as: - ANSWERdemonstrative knowledge Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs? - ANSWERHumans consists of nothing but matter. According to Hume, the mind is: - ANSWERa set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to: - ANSWERSimple ideas Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of - ANSWERBacon Hobbes' theory of human motivation was: - ANSWERHedonistic What was true of the British empiricists? - ANSWERThey attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles. Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to: - ANSWERPrepare themselves for the hardships of life. For Hobbes, choice was: - ANSWERNothing more than a verbal label. Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: - ANSWERthe law of contiguity According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood. - ANSWERSecondary Laws According to Berkeley, external reality exists because: - ANSWERGod perceived it Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors. - ANSWERconstructive association Condillac felt that Locke: - ANSWERgave the mind unnecessary innate powers According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____. - ANSWERcreate ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others - ANSWERMental Chemistry For Locke, all ideas come from: - ANSWERsensation and reflection If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes: - ANSWERmetaphysical nonsense For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is: - ANSWERassociation Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature. - ANSWERempirical philosophy; Newtonian science Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions. - ANSWERimpressions; ideas Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations? - ANSWERLaw of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it? - ANSWERdirect realism According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from: - ANSWERthe interaction between sensations and the categories of thought For Spinoza, free will: - ANSWERIs Fiction According to Leibniz's law of continuity: - ANSWERthere are no leaps or gaps in nature Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis. - ANSWERpassion Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism? - ANSWERThe mind and the body are like two sides of a coin According to Kant, the experiences of space and time: - ANSWERprovide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought Reid viewed faculties of the mind as: - ANSWERaspects of a unified mind According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will: - ANSWERbe rejected or at least will not be understood Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from: - ANSWERGod According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology? - ANSWERIt asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on Kant stated that a mind without concepts would: - ANSWERNo capacity to think Kant believed: - ANSWERPsychology could not become an experimental science Herbart was one of the first to: - ANSWERapply a mathematical model to psychology On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do, This is called: - ANSWERpsychophysical parallelism According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is: - ANSWERcompatible with the apperceptive mass In the system of psychic mechanics, Herbart stated that: - ANSWERideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas ____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention. - ANSWEROccasionalism For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of: - ANSWERThe absolute According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending. - ANSWERapperceptive mass What did Hume refer to as an "inexplicable mystery"? - ANSWERReligion All of the British empiricists following Hobbes used the concept of ____ to explain why mental events are experienced or remembered in a particular order. - ANSWERassociation According to Hume, the mind was: - ANSWERperceptions that a person was having at any given moment For Locke, the safest and surest types of associations were those that: - ANSWERreflected natural relationships in the environment La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that: - ANSWERboth human and nonhuman animals are automata Which of the following is true concerning monads? - ANSWERNext to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking. Kant believed the categories of thought to be: - ANSWERinnate In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize ____, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize ____. - ANSWERcauses; reasons Hebart's goal was to mathematically express the relationship among several aspects of the mind. Which of the following is not among those aspects of the mind? - ANSWERperceived sensations According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always: - ANSWERreflected the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and production and control of human behavior. - ANSWERanthropology Both Bacon and Descartes attempted to: - ANSWERovercome the philosophical mistakes and biases of the past For Leibniz, sensory experience was important because it: - ANSWERallowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized Which of the following is not consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers? - ANSWERShow applications of new material before the concepts have been described. Hobbes' approach to studying humans was: - ANSWERdeductive With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n): - ANSWERphysical monist What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind? - ANSWERThe mind neither creates nor destroys ideas. According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must: - ANSWERbe perceived What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior? - ANSWERpassions Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it: - ANSWERattempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined: - ANSWERspontaneous activity and hedonism For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are: - ANSWERpublicly observable Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of: - ANSWERBacon Comte and Mach had in common the belief that: - ANSWERmetaphysical speculation must be avoided What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone? - ANSWERrationalism Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists? - ANSWEREmpiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from: - ANSWERexperiences of pleasure and pain According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: - ANSWERthe mind itself For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it: - ANSWERallows the potential ideas within us to become actualized According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: - ANSWERit made common sense to do so According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle. - ANSWERThesis By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that: - ANSWERone's mind exists apart from the Absolute Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers? - ANSWERRelate new material to what has already been learned. After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that: - ANSWERhumans could be completely understood by employing only the concepts of matter and motion Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from: - ANSWERExperiences of pleasure and pain All of the following were true of the British empiricists except: - ANSWERa. they attempted to explain the functioning of the mind as Newton had explained the functioning of the universe b. they denied the existence of innate ideas c. they believed that all ideas were derived from experience Incorrect(p. 131) d. they denied the existence of mental events Feedback The correct answer is: they denied the existence of mental events Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel? - ANSWERsynthesis b. antithesis c. thesis d. conflict Correct(p. 200) Feedback The correct answer is: conflict James Mill maintained that any mental experience could be reduced to: - ANSWERthe simple ideas of which it is constructed For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was: - ANSWERAssociation Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day. - ANSWERMaterialism Panpsychism is the belief that: - ANSWEReverything in nature has consciousness (mental processes) According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm. - ANSWERMalebranche Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior: - ANSWERthe categorical imperative Spinoza viewed the mind and the body as: - ANSWERInseperable According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology. - ANSWERpsychic determinism According to Reid: - ANSWERthe faculties of the mind were aspects of a unified mind and never functioned in isolation to one another According to Kant: - ANSWERwe must be forever ignorant of physical reality Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because: - ANSWERthe mind could not be fractionated for analysis CHAPTER 7- 8 The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important? - ANSWERirrational feelings The statement "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with: - ANSWERRusseau Goethe viewed science as: - ANSWERUseful but limited Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed: - ANSWERPhysiological Mechanisms Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the: - ANSWERUnconscious According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel: - ANSWERBored For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were): - ANSWERa person's honest feelings and inclinations The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with: - ANSWEROnes own inner nature Nietzsche believed all of the following except - ANSWERanything that increases a person's power was good b. without human companionship, human existence was meaningless Correct(p. 224) c. anything that does not kill a person strengthened him or her d. happiness was the feeling that one's power was growing According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the: - ANSWERTotal Person Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as: - ANSWERPostponement of death Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God: - ANSWERHad to be taken in faith Which of the following is not part of the existential philosophy? - ANSWERuniqueness of each individual b. freedom of choice c. the importance of rational thought Correct(p. 217) d. stressing the meaning of human existence The basis of Schopenhauer's philosophy was the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by: - ANSWERKant The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account. Which of the following is not one of them? - ANSWER. irrational feelings b. intuitions c. instincts d. logistics Correct(p. 208) Which of the following characterized Rousseau's utopian society? - ANSWERthe surrender of the individual will to the general will Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next. - ANSWERConstant Stimuli The work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier did not support phrenology because: - ANSWERthe localized cortical functions that it isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that: - ANSWERsensory systems distorted our knowledge of the physical world to the extent that they do According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision? - ANSWERachromatic vision - blue-yellow sensitivity - red-green sensitivity The Bell-Magendie law was significant because: - ANSWERit demonstrated that specific mental functions were mediated by different anatomical structures What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology? - ANSWERthe cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was: - ANSWERthey found that when a certain area of the cortex was stimulated, muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body According to Helmholtz, it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He described this process with his: - ANSWERtheory of signs Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except: - ANSWERas useful as science was, it could never investigate life itself Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they: - ANSWERneeded to learn to perceive Muller believed that: - ANSWERour knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, was called: - ANSWERphysiognomy Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness. - ANSWERliberty The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important? - ANSWERirrational feelings According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with: - ANSWERfaith The Enlightenment is also referred to as the - ANSWERAge of reason According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is: - ANSWERA matter of choice Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on - ANSWERJung Rousseau supported Protestantism because: - ANSWERGod's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common? - ANSWERA criticism of the organized church and science According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following? - ANSWERPeople are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to: - ANSWERembrace God and take God's existence on faith According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes: - ANSWERThe will to survive According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? - ANSWERPeople accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? - ANSWERPeople recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: - ANSWERan unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction Rousseau believed that education should: - ANSWERstimulate the development of a child's natural impulses Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. - ANSWERanimalistic; good Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. - ANSWERperspectivism The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author? - ANSWERRousseau For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: - ANSWERThe will to power Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? - ANSWERRusseau Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: - ANSWERevery individual strives to be all that he or she could be At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between - ANSWERApollonian and Dionysian tendencies Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that: - ANSWERthe brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: - ANSWERNegative sensations Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: - ANSWEREvolutionary Theories Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to: - ANSWERkinesthesis Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: - ANSWERthey are all derived from experience What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? - ANSWERHe used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: - ANSWERresonance place theory Gall believed which of the following? - ANSWERThe bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties Bessel used personal equations to: - ANSWERcorrect differences in the reaction times among various observers Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the: - ANSWERphysiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: - ANSWERallows humans to reach their full potential and express free will Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n): - ANSWERnoble savage According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? - ANSWERA child's natural interests Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil? - ANSWERGoethe According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. - ANSWERintelligent humans Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: - ANSWERthey fear death Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art. - ANSWERsublimation Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom? - ANSWERaesthetic, ethical, religious Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness. - ANSWERApollonian Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: - ANSWERcontrolled passion Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: - ANSWERpsychologist Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____. - ANSWERrepressed; expressed What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? - ANSWERThe importance of subjective experience What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy? - ANSWERThe doctrine of specific nerve energies According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage. - ANSWERyellow The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: - ANSWERindividual brain areas have specialized functions Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the: - ANSWERjust noticeable difference Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the: - ANSWERabsolute threshold CHAPTERS 9+ 10 Titchener - ANSWERexcluded women from membership in his organization, "The Experimentalists" b. supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. supervised the research of more female Ph.D.s than any psychologist of his generation By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: - ANSWERcreative synthesis Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a - ANSWERpsychophysical parallelist According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience. - ANSWERmediate; immediate Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt? - ANSWERrationalism Wundt believed that topics such as religion, social customs, and language could be studied: - ANSWERboth using historical analysis and using naturalistic observation Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a - ANSWERGeneral Impression Wundt believed that for effective verbal communication to occur all of the following must occur except: - ANSWERthe speaker must apperceive his or her own general impression b. both the speaker and the listener must use the same words and sentence structures Correct(p. 271) c. the listener must apperceive the speaker's general impression d. the speaker must choose words that will effectively express his or her general impression To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____. - ANSWERnaturalistic observation of various forms For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology were: - ANSWERmental phenomena From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded: - ANSWERthat experimental psychology must stress selective attention or volition Who believed that if an idea was useful it was therefore true? - ANSWERPragmatics The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to: - ANSWERdistinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children According to Titchener, all feelings could be explained employing the dimension of: - ANSWERpleasantness-unpleasantness According to the author of your text, the Burt scandal taught us more about ____ than about ____. - ANSWERthe politics of science; the nature of intelligence The sociobiologists depend heavily on the concept of ____ in their explanation of human social behavior. - ANSWERinclusive fitness Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on: - ANSWERHis daughters One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with the church was over: - ANSWERThe age of the earth Which of the following did Darwin believe? - ANSWERwomen were intellectually inferior to men b. Contemporary primitive people are the link between primates and modern humans and are therefore inferior c. Lamarckian theory could be used to explain cultural difference among humans d. all of these choices Correct(p. 301) What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together? - ANSWERMalthus' Essay on the Principle of Population To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used: - ANSWERphenomenological methods Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate: - ANSWERretroactive inhibition Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____. - ANSWERmodality; intensity Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them. - ANSWERsystematic experimental introspection Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime - ANSWERThe mind In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized: - ANSWERtraditional associationism Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because: - ANSWERhe believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of: - ANSWERvolitional processes Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"? - ANSWERWithout them, societal living would be impossible. According to Husserl, experimental psychology: - ANSWERmust be preceded by phenomenological analysis According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to: - ANSWERassimilate the doctrine of evolution Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is: - ANSWERan accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience. - ANSWERthe development of opposites The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is: - ANSWERapperceived Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the: - ANSWERattentional processes According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: - ANSWERsubtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination Wundt believed that feelings are: - ANSWERvarious combinations of three attributes For Titchener, attention is: - ANSWERa clearness of sensation According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain: - ANSWERsensation Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: - ANSWERpolar opposites What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself? - ANSWERintentionality As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____. - ANSWERmeanings; specific words According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern - ANSWERthe heterogony of ends For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events. - ANSWERwhy Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"? - ANSWERHe studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures. Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing? - ANSWERHe resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)? - ANSWERPearson According to Spencer, the best government is one that: - ANSWERallows free competition among all its citizens Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve? - ANSWERThe best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite. Which of the following did Burt believe? - ANSWERThe "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited. Yerkes believed that immigration ____. - ANSWERshould be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment: - ANSWERthere is a struggle for survival When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they: - ANSWERwere neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as: - ANSWERsocial Darwinism hich of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists? - ANSWERThe environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth? - ANSWERhe made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment? - ANSWERAdaptive features Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely: - ANSWERall living organisms and societies would approximate perfection Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring. - ANSWERregression toward the mean The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by: - ANSWERStern Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions? - ANSWERAt one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival. The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was: - ANSWERwill Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology: - ANSWERit was useless in understanding higher mental processes Wundt was a(n): - ANSWERdeterminist Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment. - ANSWERthe consciousness Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime. - ANSWERthe mind For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of: - ANSWERallowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the: - ANSWERClever Hans phenomenon By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first: - ANSWERretention curve Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____. - ANSWERempiricist; rationalist According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called: - ANSWERthe inheritance of acquired characteristics According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called: - ANSWERevolutionary associationism The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called? - ANSWERthe Spencer-Bain principle Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"? - ANSWERSpencer Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process? - ANSWEREvolution just happens When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be: - ANSWERcorrelated Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because: - ANSWERhe believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of: - ANSWERmental orthopedics The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that: - ANSWERgifted children became gifted adults CHAPTER 11-12 Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism? - ANSWERan interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Munsterberg attempted to strengthen thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as: - ANSWERreciprocal antagonism Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? - ANSWERDewey When studying humans, James felt that: - ANSWERboth the scientific and philosophic approach must be used Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to: - ANSWERunderstand animal consciousness Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer stated that: - ANSWERthe extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was: - ANSWERfunctional According to Angell, the functional psychologist believed all of the following except: - ANSWERmental operations were important, whereas mental elements were not b. mental processes intervened between an organism's needs and its environment c. nothing worthwhile could be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals Correct(p. 365) d. the mind and the body could not be separated Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? - ANSWERwe strike a person and then become angry In his writing on forensic psychology, Munsterberg did all of the following except: - ANSWERhe indicated that eyewitnesses testimony was often unreliable b. argued against the harsh interrogation of those thought to be guilty of a crime c. proposed that suggestion and stress do not affect perception Correct(p. 349) d. described a device that would later become the lie detector Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. This belief was called: - ANSWERrecapitulation theory One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position was that it: - ANSWERCould not account for the most satisfying human experiences. Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the: - ANSWERsecond-signal system By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as Peter ate lunch, Watson and Jones: - ANSWERboth made use of procedures later called behavior therapy and eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the: - ANSWERFirst-signal system What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex, Bechterev called a ____ reflex. - ANSWERassociation What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not? - ANSWERstudy of human consciousness Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior, provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior? - ANSWERmethodological behaviorism Watson described four types of behavior. Which of the following is not one of them? - ANSWERthinking Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacted with experience to produce specific behavior patterns. - ANSWERbodily structure The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was: - ANSWERinhibition In Pavlov's experimental example, the meat powder was the - ANSWERunconditioned stimuli According to Pavlov, ____ stimuli were biologically neutral. - ANSWERconditioned According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what: - ANSWERneed or drive is present For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas - ANSWERJames; Münsterberg Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell? - ANSWERMind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival. In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of: - ANSWERcontemporary cognitive psychologists Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by: - ANSWERengaging in the activities to be learned Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach? - ANSWEReclectic Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first: - ANSWERforensic psychologists The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against: - ANSWERanthropocentrism Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and: - ANSWERprepare children to live effectively in a complex society Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education? - ANSWERHe believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning. Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation? - ANSWERKenneth Clark What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience? - ANSWERAct the way you want to feel According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing? - ANSWERhabit Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____. - ANSWERpurposiveness Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology. - ANSWERmotivation Hall believed that masturbation ____. - ANSWERcan harm the quality of eventual offspring According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by: - ANSWERboth succeeding more and attempting less Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately. - ANSWERkinesthetic Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as: - ANSWERexperimental neurosis Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed. - ANSWERthe natural sciences Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe: - ANSWERthe pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory. - ANSWERinstincts Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find? - ANSWERWhat might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences. Watson's final position on instincts was that - ANSWERhumans have no instincts Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion? - ANSWERBechterev The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was: - ANSWERpurposive In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? - ANSWERthe associative principles of contiguity and frequency Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology? - ANSWERintrospection as a research tool Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to: - ANSWERtreat them as small adults For Watson, speech: - ANSWERis a type of overt behavior Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by: - ANSWERa breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by: - ANSWERsentiments When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that: - ANSWERWatson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because: - ANSWERof their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem? - ANSWERphysical monism Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of: - ANSWERHelmholtzian physiologists Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called: - ANSWERPhilosophical Studies The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies: - ANSWERa mental set and a determining tendency Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test? - ANSWERResponses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods. What did Galton find about mental imagery? - ANSWERThe ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed. Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should: - ANSWERfurnish practical knowledge Sechenov: - ANSWERpostulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true? - ANSWERStage One: moral and mental philosophy Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: - ANSWERfunction of the mind When studying humans, James believed that: - ANSWERboth a scientific and philosophical approach must be used According to pragmatism: - ANSWERan idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study. - ANSWERradical empiricism For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one: - ANSWERcontrols one's behavior Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: - ANSWERconsequences James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as: - ANSWERtender-minded For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas. - ANSWERJames; Münsterberg Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins? - ANSWERself-psychology Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins? - ANSWERShe developed the paired-associate technique. Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called? - ANSWERrecapitulation theory Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology? - ANSWERSumner According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act? - ANSWERa motive or need Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior? - ANSWERThorndike Thorndike's law of exercise stated that: - ANSWERthe strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it. - ANSWERoriginal law of effect Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a: - ANSWERbehaviorist For Watson, the goal of psychology is to: - ANSWERpredict and control behavior Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described? - ANSWERexplicit learned behavior For Watson, thinking is: - ANSWERinternal speech Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions? - ANSWERlove Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology. - ANSWERovert behavior ____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type. - ANSWERRadical behaviorism CHAPTER 13 +14 ____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism. - ANSWERLogical According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behavior was that it: - ANSWERwas controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus Mach believed that: - ANSWERhumans could be certain only of their own sensations The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of: - ANSWERcontiguity Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman. - ANSWERintervening variables For Tolman, motivation influenced ____, but not ____. - ANSWERPerformance, learning Guthrie argued that the learning theories and descriptions proposed by such individuals as Tolman, Hull, Watson, and Skinner were: - ANSWERunparsimonious According to Tolman, the first thing an animal developed in a learning situation was a - ANSWERhypothesis Which of the following exemplifies molar behavior? - ANSWERboth shopping for food in a grocery store and a child hiding from a stranger All of the following are true about Hull's theory except: - ANSWERa. after Hull's death, his theory was perpetuated primarily by Kenneth W. Spence b. Hull's theory was enormously popular from its inception into the 1960s c. Hull's theory is now viewed as being mainly of historical interest d. Hull's theory is more compatible with contemporary cognitive psychology than is Tolman's theory-CORRECT For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior. - ANSWERRespondent, Operant Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a - ANSWERPhysical Monist Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called: - ANSWERholists Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____. - ANSWERfield theory; Newtonian physics Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of: - ANSWERboth objectively real facts and imagined facts The German word Pragnanz has no exact English counterpart, but an approximation is: - ANSWERessence Insightful learning has several characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics? - ANSWERa. the transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete b. performance is usually smooth and free of errors c. a solution gained by insight is retained for long periods of time. d. a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems CORRECT In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different. - ANSWERlearning Stimuli that seem to go in the same direction from a perceptual unit exemplify which Gestalt principle? - ANSWERcontinuity According to Wertheimer, productive thinking occurred as the result of: - ANSWERunderstanding Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called: - ANSWERthe principle of contemporaneity In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it would not otherwise possess. - ANSWERtransform Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called: - ANSWERtransposition In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive. - ANSWERauthoritarian The Gestaltists viewed the brain as - ANSWERa dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information Lewin was the first to investigate conflict experimentally and described several types of conflicts - which one of the following is not one of the conflicts addressed in the text? - ANSWERdouble approach - avoidance conflict Teams wearing different uniforms stand out in two separate groups on a field. This is an example of the principle of similarity. - ANSWERtrue According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is: - ANSWERthe invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems The Gestaltists were opposed to any type of: - ANSWERelementism Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called ____, and a remnant of this is called a ____. - ANSWERa memory process; memory trace Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by: - ANSWERthe law of Prägnanz Lewin's life space was all influences acting on a person at a given time. - ANSWERtrue The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was: - ANSWERthe observation of apparent movement Using the molar approach in studying consciousness means concentrating on phenomenological experience. - ANSWERtrue According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies. - ANSWERaristotle According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved. - ANSWERcognitive disequilibrium Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that: - ANSWERthe phi phenomenon occurred in two directions at the same time Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event was doomed to failure? - ANSWERboth Kant and the Gestaltists Lewin called such intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party: - ANSWERboth psychological needs and quasi-needs Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology? - ANSWERour perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes was about ____ ms, it appeared that one light was moving from one position to the other. - ANSWER60 The term "Gestalt" means: - ANSWERconfiguration The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized: - ANSWERthe generalization of behavioral tendencies For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology was ____, or mental experience as it occurred to the naïve observer. - ANSWERphenomenological experience Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology had much in common. - ANSWERact psychology By rejecting the constancy hypothesis, Gestaltists: - ANSWERboth rejected the empirical philosophy on which the structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism was based and instead used field theory in analyzing brain functioning Comte believed all of the following except that: - ANSWERa. metaphysical speculation was to be avoided b. private sensations and perceptions were all of which we could be certain-CORRECT c. humans could be investigated objectively only by studying their overt behavior d. an attempt to understand the mind by using introspection was silly Contemporary psychologists have found all of the following to be true except: - ANSWERa. genetic influences cannot be ignored in the analysis of behavior b. some responses an organism makes are more modifiable than others c. logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research-CORRECT d. overt behavior can and should be used to index cognitive events During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called: - ANSWERvicarious trial and error For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality. - ANSWERgeographical; behavioral For Skinner, the environment was important because it: - ANSWERselected behavior through reinforcement contingencies Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits was - ANSWERobserve the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same? - ANSWERchange reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurred when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement were employed was: - ANSWERtrivial