LATEST BIO 182 FINAL EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS!

LATEST BIO 182 FINAL EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS! "Imprinting - CORRECT ANSWER a type of behavior that includes both learning and innate components and is generally irreversible; in this behavior, the young offspring can be taught to follow something other than the parent" "kinesis - CORRECT ANSWER A simple change in activity in response to some stimulus." "Learning - CORRECT ANSWER the modification of behavior as a result of a specific experiences" "mate choice copying - CORRECT ANSWER when individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others instead of some generally preferred type" "monogamous - CORRECT ANSWER A type of relationship that involves one male mating with one female" "optimal foraging theory - CORRECT ANSWER views feeding behavior as a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the costs (risks) of obtaining food" "Pheromones - CORRECT ANSWER chemical substances important in animal communication" "Polyandry - CORRECT ANSWER a type of relationship that involves an individual of one sex mating with several of another sex" "polygamous - CORRECT ANSWER a relationship involving one female and many males" "Polygyny - CORRECT ANSWER a relationship involving one male and many females" "abiotic - CORRECT ANSWER physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms." "aphotic - CORRECT ANSWER these zones are deeper and do not receive enough light for photosynthesis" "benthic - CORRECT ANSWER this zone is at the bottom of all aquatic biomes and consists of sand and organic sediments" "biosphere ecology - CORRECT ANSWER study of the sum of all the planet's ecosystems" "Biotic - CORRECT ANSWER components of an environment that includes all the living organisms" "Chaparral - CORRECT ANSWER precipitation highly seasonal, cool except for summer; dominated by shrubs and small trees" "Climograph - CORRECT ANSWER plot temperature and precipitation" "community ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the study of whole array of interacting species in a community" "desert - CORRECT ANSWER precipitation is low and temperatures are variable seasonally and daily" "dispersal - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or area of origin" "Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER the geographic range of a species" "landscape ecology - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems" "marine benthic zone - CORRECT ANSWER consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore pelagic zone" "oceanic pelagic - CORRECT ANSWER a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents" "organismal ecology - CORRECT ANSWER a study of how an organism's structure and physiology fit the environment" "photic - CORRECT ANSWER These zones receive sufficient light for photosynthesis" "Thermocline - CORRECT ANSWER A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes" "tropical forest - CORRECT ANSWER Rainfall is constant and temperatures are warm year-round" "Tundra - CORRECT ANSWER high wind and cold temperatures, summer short with cool temperatures; lichens, mosses, grasses, and forbs" "wetlands - CORRECT ANSWER an area covered with water for a long enough period to support aquatic plants" "winter - CORRECT ANSWER time of year when lakes in temperate regions have colder temperatures near the surface" "aposematic coloration - CORRECT ANSWER Allows the animal to look like it might be harmful because bright colors are often associated with harmful organisms" "Batesian mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER when a harmless prey species mimics a harmful species, thereby promoting its own survival" "cohorts - CORRECT ANSWER Groups of individuals of the same age." "Community - CORRECT ANSWER A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other" "competitive exclusion principle - CORRECT ANSWER one species uses resources more efficiently than another, eventually replacing that species" "cryptic coloration - CORRECT ANSWER makes an animal hard to see because it is camouflaged" "density - CORRECT ANSWER the number of individuals per unit area or volume" "density dependent - CORRECT ANSWER describes a death rate that rises as population density rises" "Dispersion - CORRECT ANSWER the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population" "dominant species - CORRECT ANSWER Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass. These species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species." "dynamic stability hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Long food chains are less stable than short chains, and that small fluctuations at low levels are increasingly magnified with successive levels" "fundamental niche - CORRECT ANSWER the environmental living conditions that an organism would prefer" "Immigration - CORRECT ANSWER the influx of new individuals from other areas" "intermediate disturbance hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER this model suggests that moderate levels of distribution can create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance" "iteroparity - CORRECT ANSWER demonstrated by organisms that make repeated efforts at reproduction" "keystone species - CORRECT ANSWER not the most abundant species but they play pivotal ecological roles in the community" "life tables - CORRECT ANSWER age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population" "logistic growth - CORRECT ANSWER a type of population growth in which the per capita rate of increases decline as carrying capacity is reached" "population - CORRECT ANSWER a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area" "primary succession - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in areas where soil has not yet formed has been stripped away" "biological augmentation - CORRECT ANSWER Uses organisms to add essential materials to degraded ecosystems." "Bioremediation - CORRECT ANSWER the use of living organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems" "detritivores - CORRECT ANSWER consumers that get their energy from nonliving organic material such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood" "ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER consists of the community plus the abiotic factors; characterized by energy flow and chemical cycling" "Energy - CORRECT ANSWER cannot be recycled so an ecosystem must have a continuous influx of energy" "eutrophication - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in lakes polluted by excess amounts of nutrients" "gross primary production - CORRECT ANSWER unit of light energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis" "Law of Conservation of Energy - CORRECT ANSWER energy cannot be created or destroyed" "net primary production - CORRECT ANSWER equal to gross primary production minus energy for respiration" "organic material - CORRECT ANSWER Decomposes faster in tropical rain forests than in temperate forests." "primary consumers - CORRECT ANSWER this trophic level consists of herbivores" "primary producers - CORRECT ANSWER This trophic level consists of autotrophs" "restoration ecology - CORRECT ANSWER applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to their natural, pre-degraded state" "secondary consumers - CORRECT ANSWER carnivores that eat herbivores" "tertiary consumers - CORRECT ANSWER carnivores that eat other carnivores" "Which of the following involves trail-and-error learning? a. spatial learning b. classical conditioning c. social learning d. imprinting e. operant conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER e." "Chemical substances that are used for communication within an animal species are called a. enzymes b. isotopes c. pheromones d. hormones e. receptors - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Goslings follow the first moving object they see after hatching. This learned behavior is called a. circadian rhythm b. operant conditioning c. a fixed action patterns d. territoriality e. imprinting - CORRECT ANSWER e." "Which of the following is not an abiotic factor organism could come in contact with? a. salinity b. temperature c. sunlight d. bacteria e. oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER d." "Biodiversity on Earth is highest among a. temperature grasslands and delicious forests b. temperature grasslands and delicious forests c. coral reefs and tropical forests d. savanna and chaparral e. dessert and tundra - CORRECT ANSWER c." "The exponentially from 1900 to 1965. From this graph, you can tell that a. none of the elephants died b. a female elephant living around 1960 was more likely to have a baby than a female elephant living around 1920 c. the elephant adapted to the new park condition around 1955 d. the vegetation the elephant eat could support more than 5000 elephants e. the more elephants there are, the more tourists will visit the park - CORRECT ANSWER d." "Female sea turtles emerge from the ocean and crawl up the beach, lay about 100 eggs or more per nest, and then cover the eggs with sand. What can you conclude about sea turtle populations? a. the population will increase in size rapidly due to a high reproductive rate b. the population would exhibit a Type I survivorship curve if graphed c. the population exhibits high mortality among older age classes d. the population relies on parental care e. the population exhibits high mortality among young individuals - CORRECT ANSWER e." "The European starling made it to the Atlantic coast of North America over 100 years ago. Fifty years after that, the bird was found in many sates throughout the Midwest. This is an example of a. Density b. Disturbance c. Demographics d. Survivorship e. Dispersion - CORRECT ANSWER e." "A population of deer grows from 100 to 200 to 600, and when it gets to 600, it levels off. This population must have reached a. exponential growth b. carrying capacity c. logistic growth d. exponential capacity e. unlimited resources - CORRECT ANSWER b." "If a population of geese is sampled by scientist and is found to be experiencing growth, then which of the following is accurate? a. Deaths outnumbers births every year of the study b. Births outnumbers deaths, on average, over the period studied c. the birds are growing to a larger size each year d. there is no limit to the population size e. No geese are dispersing out of the population - CORRECT ANSWER b." "What is the difference between semelparity and iteroparity? a. semelparous organism return to their place of birth to reproduce, but iteroparous organisms can reproduce anywhere b. semelparous refer only to plants, but iteroparous refers to animals c. semelparous organisms live after their first reproduction, but iteroparous organism die d. semelparoud organisms die after their first reproduction, but iteroparous organisms are capable of repeated reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER d." "What is one difference between the fundamental niche and the realize niche? a. the realized niche is large b. the fundamental niche is determined by competitors c. the realized niche is determined by abiotic resources d. individuals will be found only in the realized niche e. the difference is called the occupied niche - CORRECT ANSWER d." "Character displacement a. can be observed in sympatric population of two species b. is usually observed in allopatric populations of two species c. is usually observed for two species in widely separated habitats d. is the result of niche partitioning e. is an interaction between two species in which one generally dominated the competition due to its morphology - CORRECT ANSWER a." "This graph shows the effect of soil pH on microbial diversity. One conclusion you should draw from this figure is a. the higher the soil pH, the higher the microbial diversity b. the lower the soil pH, the higher the microbial diversity c. microbes do not exist in acidic conditions d. the scientist couldn't find any acidic or basic soils e. there appears to be an optimal pH value for maximizing microbial diversity - CORRECT ANSWER e." "Disturbance is an important component of succession because it a. removes keystone species b. changes the biome from one form to another c. introduces invasive species d. is associated with humans e. tends to promote earlier successional stages - CORRECT ANSWER e." "Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big. predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which implies that a. they are typically highly territorial b. It's hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost each level of energy exchange c. By overexploitation, humans have caused many predators species to become endangered d. it takes a long for big, predatory animals to evolve e. it's hard for a big animal to move through dense vegetation - CORRECT ANSWER b." "Eighty percent of our atmosphere is nitrogen gas, yet every year farmers have to spray ammonia fertilizer manufactured from natural gas on the majority of crop fields to improve plant growth and yield. This is because the only natural way to convert nitrogen from a gas into an available form is a process performed by a. Decomposers b. Nitrifying bacteria c. Denitrifying bacteria d. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria e. Legumes - CORRECT ANSWER d." "The trophic level that ultimately supports all others consists of a. Primary producers b. Primary consumers c. Secondary consumers d. Tertiary consumers e. Decomposers - CORRECT ANSWER a." Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events in the origin of life? - CORRECT ANSWER II. synthesis of organic monomers III. Synthesis of organic polymers I. Formation of protocells IV. Formation of DNA- based genetic system" "During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection? - CORRECT ANSWER More small- beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks." "A rapid method of speciation that has been important in the history of flowering plants is - CORRECT ANSWER Polyploidy" "In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the - CORRECT ANSWER more recently they shared a common ancestor" "A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population? - CORRECT ANSWER A. The amount of available food may have increased B. The number of predators may have decreased C. The Squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of variation than previous" "A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is - CORRECT ANSWER geographic isolation" "How many half-lives should have elapsed if 3.125% of the parent isotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Five" "In binomial nomenclature where humans are: Homo Sapiens Homo is the - CORRECT ANSWER genus" "The common housefly belongs o all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with the most specific information about the common housefly? - CORRECT ANSWER Genus Musca" "Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time? A) All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors. B) The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate. C) The population size is large. D) The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present. - CORRECT ANSWER A. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors" "What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA or protein analysis" "What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent in the evolution of life on earth ? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multi cellular Eukaryotas 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses - CORRECT ANSWER n of cyanobacteria 1. origin of mitochondria 3. origin of chloroplasts 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 5. origin of fungal- plant symbiosesI" "In hardy-weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium the frequency of allele a is 0.1 What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele? - CORRECT ANSWER A.18" "A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2? - CORRECT ANSWER 0.42" "Races of humans are unlikely to evolve extensive differences in the future for which of the following reasons? I. The environment is unlikely to change. II. Human evolution is complete. III. The human races are incompletely isolated. A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III - CORRECT ANSWER B) III only" "Which gas was the least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere , prior to 2 billion years ago? - CORRECT ANSWER O" "Two species that belong to the same genus must also belong to the same A. Kingdom B. Phylum C. Order D. class E. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER E. all of the above" "Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environments over the course of generations? A) Mutation B) Non-random mating C) Gene flow D) Natural selection E) Genetic drift - CORRECT ANSWER D. Natural selection" "The average birth weight for human babies is about 3 kg. While birth weights of much less than this or much more than this are rare. Which of the following terms best describes this? - CORRECT ANSWER Stabilizing selection" "DDT was once considered a ʺsilver bulletʺ that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? A) all habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. B) All individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them susceptible to DDT. C) Larger doses of DDT should have been applied D) The frequency of DDT applications should have been higher. E) DDT application should have been continual. - CORRECT ANSWER B. All individuals insects should have possessed genomes that made them susceptible to DDT" "Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology? A) The brain of a cat and that of a dog B) The wings of a bird and those of an insect C) The hemoglobin of a baboon D) The mitochondria of a plant and those of an animal E) The wings of a bat and the arms of a human - CORRECT ANSWER B. The wings of a bird and those of an insect" "Which of the following must exist in a population before a natural selection can act upon that population? A) Genetic variation among individuals B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors C) sexual reproduction D) A and C only E) A, B, and C - CORRECT ANSWER A) Genetic variation among individuals" ""Improving intelligence of an adult through education will result in that adult's descendants being born with greater native intelligence" This statement is an example of? A)Scala naturae B) Malthusianism C) uniformitarianism D) Darwinism E) Lamarckism - CORRECT ANSWER E) Lamarckism" "Briefly explain 2 lines of evidence for evolution by natural selection - CORRECT ANSWER Direct observation = seeing something as evidence of evolution like bacteria isn't affected by antibiotics Homology species come from a common ancestor or similar ancestor for example species with vertebrae embryos looks the same. In human embryos there is an appearance of fish gills." "Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. A change occurs in the environment 4. poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivor ship 1. well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change" "The theory of evolution is most accurately described as A) one possible explanation, among several scientific alternatives, about how species have come into existence B) An educated guess about how species originate C) An idea about how acquired characteristics are passed on to subsequent generations. D) An opinion that some scientists hold about how living things change over time. E) An overarching explanation, supported, by much evidence , for how populations change over time. - CORRECT ANSWER E. An overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time." "Which statement about natural selection is most correct? A) Natural selection is the sole means by which populations can evolve B) Well- adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals. C) Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during all other times as well. D) Different species that occupy that same habitat will adapt to that habitat by undergoing the same genetic changes. E) Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in all other habitats as well. - CORRECT ANSWER B. Well- adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals." "Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time? A) All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors. B) The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate. C) The population size is large. D) The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present. - CORRECT ANSWER A) All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors." "Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin? A) John Henslow B) Charles Lyell C) Gregor Mendel D) Thomas Malthus E) Alfred Wallace - CORRECT ANSWER E) Alfred Wallace" "The average birth weight for human babies is about 3kg. While birth weights of much less than this or much more than this are rare. Which of the following terms best describes this? A) stabilizing selection B) Disruptive Selection C) Artificial selection D) Directional selection E) Sexual Selection - CORRECT ANSWER A) Stabilizing selection" "Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describes this? A) stabilizing selection B) sexual selection C) Directional selection D) Artifical selection E) disruptive selection - CORRECT ANSWER B) Directional selection" "How many half-lives should have elapsed if 6.25% of the parent isotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis? A) three B) four C) one D) two E) Five - CORRECT ANSWER B. four" "Which free-living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere? A) mitochondria B) Seaweeds C) Cyanobacteria D) Chloroplasts E) Endosymbionts - CORRECT ANSWER C) Cyanbacteria" "If the half- life is about 5730 years old then a fossil that has 1/8 the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? A) 5730 B) 28650 C) 22920 D) 11460 E) 17190 - CORRECT ANSWER 5,730 x 3=17190 E. 17190" "Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans? A) red algae B) dinoflagellates C) diplomonads D) euglenids E) golden algae - CORRECT ANSWER B) Dinoflagellates" "Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?? A) Fruits B) Pollen C) non-fertile flower parts D) Triploid endosperm E) Carpels - CORRECT ANSWER B) pollen" "Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants? A) Dominance of the diploid generation B) The addition of lignin to cell walls C) Alternation of generations D) the development of seeds E) xylem and phloem - CORRECT ANSWER D) development of seeds" "Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling: A) sex pilus B) Flagellum C) Capsule D) endospore E) Cell wall - CORRECT ANSWER D) endospore" "In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? A) Lignin present in cell walls B) use of air currents as a dispersal agent C) sporopollenin D) pollen - CORRECT ANSWER D) pollen" "Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of : A) two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. B) one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells. C) One embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell. D) Two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells. E) one embryo involving one sperm cell and of endosperm involving a second sperm cell. - CORRECT ANSWER E) one embryo involving one sperm cell and of endosperm involving a second sperm cell." "Pollination is found in: A) ferns only B) angiosperms only C) gymnosperms only D) both angiosperms and gymnosperms E) All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) both angiosperms and gymnosperms" "The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was most similar to modern-day members of which group? A) Diatoms B) brown algae C) green algae D) angiosperm E) red algae - CORRECT ANSWER C) green algae" "Which of the following is involved in providing structural support to the plant? A) phloem B) xylem C) Both phloem and xylem D) neither phloem nor xylem E) either phloem or xylem - CORRECT ANSWER B)xylem" "The relationship in a lichen is described as: A) parasitism B) predation C) mutualism D) Commensalism E) Competition - CORRECT ANSWER C) mutualism" "The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? A)mitochondria and ribosomes B) cilia and mitochondria C) mitochondria and chloroplasts D)mitochondria and nuclei E)nuclei and chloroplasts - CORRECT ANSWER C) mitochondira and chloroplasts" "A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: Xylem and phloem present, sporophyte dominant, seeds present but no fruits. This plant is probably most closely related to: A) gymnosperm B) green algae C) angiosperm D) ferns E) Bryophytes - CORRECT ANSWER A) angio sperm" "Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except A) vascular tissue B) seeds C) ovaries D) ovules E) Pollen - CORRECT ANSWER C. Ovaries" "An alga was discovered that was marine, multicellular and lives at a depth penetrated only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group of algae? A) dinoflagellates B) red C) green D)brown E) diatoms - CORRECT ANSWER B) red" "Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) desiccation B) sources of water C) animal predation D) sperm transfer - CORRECT ANSWER C) animal predation" "organisms of which kingdom are responsible for the majority of primary production in the oceans? A) plant B) animal C) protist D) fungal E) bacterial - CORRECT ANSWER C) protists" "Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as A) aflatoxins B) antibiotics C) antigens D) hallucinogens E)antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER B) antibiotics" "Bryophytes never formed forests (mats, yes, but not forests) because A) they possess flagellated sperms. B) not all are heterosporous. C) they lack lignified vascular tissue. D) they have no adaptations to prevent desiccation. E) the sporophyte is too weak. - CORRECT ANSWER C) they lacked lignified vascular tissue" "Lyme diseased is caused by a: A) bacteria B) tick C) mosquito D) protist E) Flea - CORRECT ANSWER A) bacteria" "Which of the following is found in the cells walls of fungi? A) chitin B) cellulose C) glycogen D) lignin E) peptidoglycan - CORRECT ANSWER A) chitin" "Which of the following types of bacteria are more likely to be resistant to antibiotics? A) Gram negative B) spiral C) bacillia D) gram positive E) cocci - CORRECT ANSWER A) gram negative" "Arrange the following form largest to smallest 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus - CORRECT ANSWER 3. ascomycete 2. ascocarp 4. ascus 5. ascospore" "If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it: A) belongs to a species that is homosporous B) must be diploid C) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single-sex organ D) is actually not a fern because fern gametophytes are always either male or female E) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation - CORRECT ANSWER A) belongs to a species that is homosporous" "A biologist is trying to classify a newly discovered fungus on the basis of the following characteristics: filamentous appearance, reproduction by asexual spores, eight sexual spores contained within another structure, and parasitism of woody plants. If asked for advice, to which group would you assign this new species A) Ascomycota B) Glomeromycota C) Deuteromycota D) Zygomycota E) basidomycota - CORRECT ANSWER A) ascomycota" "How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? A) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat B) by attracting insects to the pollen inside C) by facilitating dispersal of seeds D) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization E) by nourishing the plants that make them - CORRECT ANSWER C) facilitating disperal of seeds" "Each of the following is a general characteristics of byophytes except: A) cellulose cell wall B) being photosynthetic autotrophs C) Vascular tissue D) chlorophylls a and b E) being eukaryotic - CORRECT ANSWER C) vascular tissue" "unlike any other group of organisms, these organisms can have any nutritional type, including chemautotrophs. A) animals B) plants C) protists D) bacteria E) fungi - CORRECT ANSWER D) bacteria" "All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) act as a decomposer E) Pathogenic - CORRECT ANSWER B) heterotrophic" "Fungi can exist in all of the following forms except as A) mutualists B) heterotrophs C) decomposers D) autotrophs E) Parasites - CORRECT ANSWER D) autotrophs" "Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram- positive bacteria? A) lignin B) protein C) cellulose D) peptidoglycan E) lipopolysaccharide - CORRECT ANSWER D) peptidoglycan" "Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? A) ovary B) stamen C) ovule D) fruit E) style - CORRECT ANSWER C) ovule" "which of the following results in identical cells in bacteria? A) transduction B) conjugation C) transformation D) mutation E) binary fission - CORRECT ANSWER E) binary fission" "The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often an A) brown algae B) moss C) green alga D) ascomycete E) small vacular plant - CORRECT ANSWER C) transformation" "The result of heterospory is A) the existence of male and female sporophytes. B) the existence of male and female gametophytes. C) the absence of sexuality from both plant generations. D) both (A) and (B) above. - CORRECT ANSWER D) both (a) and (b) above" "An organism was discovered in a pond that could be either heterotrophic or photoautotrophic depending on the availability of nutrients. you would classify this organism as a/ an: A) protist B) bacteria C) fungi D) plant E) animal - CORRECT ANSWER A) protist" "Protists are alike in that all are A) symbionts B) monophyletic C) unicellular D) eukayotic E) autotrophic - CORRECT ANSWER D) eukaryotic" "Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2? A) photoheterotrophs B)parasitic chemoheterotrophs C) chemautotrophs D) photoautotrophs E) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition - CORRECT ANSWER D) photoautotrophs" "A bacteria that is a bacilus is expected to have which of the following shapes? A) spiral B) spherical C) rod shaped D) any of the above E) none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C) rod shaped" "Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) conjugation B) transduction C) mutation D) binary fission E) transformation - CORRECT ANSWER D) binary fission" "Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram positive bacteria? A) lipoolysaccharide B) peptidoglycan C) cellulose D) protein E) lignin - CORRECT ANSWER B) peptidoglycan" "Which of the following types of fungi is not found? A) eukaryotic and unicellular B) coenocytic hyphae C) septate hyphae D) prokaryotic &unicellular - CORRECT ANSWER Prokaryotic and unicellular" "In plants which of the following are produced by meiosis: A) haploid gametes B)haploid spores C) diploid spores D) diploid gametes E) haploid sporophyte - CORRECT ANSWER B) haploid spores" "Which of the following is involved in the transport of water and dissolved minerals through the plant? A) xylem B) phloem C) neither xylem or phloem D) either xylem or phloem E) Both - CORRECT ANSWER A) zylem" "which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) desiccation B) animal predation C) sperm transfer D) sources of water - CORRECT ANSWER B) animal predation" "Flagellated sperms is / are produced in A) ferns only B) gymnosperms only C) bryophyta only D) both bryophytes and ferns E) all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D) both bryophytes and ferns" "Each of the following is a general characteristics of bryphytes except: A) being eukaryotic B) chlorophylls a and b C) a cellulose cell wall D) vascular tissue E) being photosynthetic autotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER D) vascular tissue" "What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) an amniotic egg B) flight C) a four chambered heart D) feathers E) a hinged jaw - CORRECT ANSWER D) feathers" "Which is a characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals? A) having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring B) four chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood C) using the rib cage to assist in ventilating the lungs D) giving birth to live young (viviparous) E) parental care of offspring - CORRECT ANSWER A) having glands to produce nourishing milk for off spring" "You are trying to identify an organism. it is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. it is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic . It is probably a A) sponge B) flatworm C) Jelly D) comb jelly E) nematode - CORRECT ANSWER A) sponge" "Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? A) internal organs are cushioned B)organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The fluid within the cavity acts as a hyrdostatic skeleton D) A and C only E) A,B, and C - CORRECT ANSWER E) A, B, and C" "A true Coelome is found in which of the following A) platyhemnithes B) Cnidaria C) annelida D) nematoda E) none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER C. Annelida" "What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from the earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians - CORRECT ANSWER 5. bilaterians 3. deuterostomes 2. vertebrates 1. tetrapods 4 amniotes" "Which of the following are characteristics of the phylum cnidaria (hydras)? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelome - CORRECT ANSWER D) 1,2,3 and 4 only" "Which of following is an incorrect match between the heart type and class: A) mammals- 4 chambers B) amphibians - 2 chambers C) reptiles- 3 chambers D) Fish - 2 chambers - CORRECT ANSWER B) amphibians - 2 chambers" "A radially symmetric animal that has two embryonic tissue layers probably belongs to which phylum? A) cnidaria (hydras) B) echinodermata ( sea stars) C) porifera (sponges) D) Nematoda E) Platyhelminthes ( flat worms) - CORRECT ANSWER A) cnidaria ( hydras)" "which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments? A) chewing mandibles B) hemocoel C) wings D) internal fertilization E) jointed appendages - CORRECT ANSWER C) wings" "The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? A) arthropoda B) platyhelminthes C) Acoela D) Annelida E) Nematoda - CORRECT ANSWER E) Nematoda" "Pick the correct match between the function and the extraembryonic membrane. A) allantois-nutrition B) Amnion -cushion against shock C) yolk sac-gas exchange D) chorion-nutrition E) all are correct matches - CORRECT ANSWER B) amnion cushion against shock" "While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) A) nematode B) arthropod C) chordate D) cnidarian E) echinoderm - CORRECT ANSWER B) arthropod" "Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) it has a shell that increases gas exchange B) it permits internal fertilization C) it allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment D) it provides insulation to conserve heat. E) it prolongs embryonic development - CORRECT ANSWER C) it allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment" "Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. what distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition A) from organic matter B) by consuming living , rather than dead, prey C) by preying on animals D) by ingesting it E) by using enzymes to digest their food - CORRECT ANSWER D) by ingesting it" "Which of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of openings in their digestive system 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers - CORRECT ANSWER B) 1 and 3 only" "In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) reptiles and amphibians B) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, mammals D) reptiles and mammals E) amphibians, mammales and reptiles - CORRECT ANSWER D) reptiles and mammals" "Which of the following is a correct association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? A) endoderm: lining of blood vessels B) Endoderm: central nervous system C) ectoderm: central nervous system D) ectoderm: covering of digestive system E) mesoderm: central nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER C) ectoderm: central nervous system" "A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the mineralization of the endoskeleton B) ability to move in a fishlike manner. C) feet with digits D) the appearance of jaws E) the appearance of bony vertebrae - CORRECT ANSWER C) feet with digits" "Protosomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin are part of which phylum? A) cnidaria B)Arthropoda C) echinodermata D) mollusca E) Annelida - CORRECT ANSWER B) Arthropoda" "Which of the following is well adapted to life on land with a hard outer covering? A) Nematoda B) Mollusca C) platyhelminthes D) Annelida E) Arthropoda - CORRECT ANSWER E) Arthropoda" "What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? A) presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages B) presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier stages of life C) radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages D) only A and B E) A, B, and C - CORRECT ANSWER C) radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages" "Which of the following is the first vertebrate well adapted to life on land ? A) Annelids B)fish C)arthropods D)amphibians E) Reptiles - CORRECT ANSWER E) reptiles" "Which of the following describes the existance of only one plane of symmetry: A) bilateral symmetry B) radial symmetry C) asymmetry D) all of the above E) none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER A) bilateral symmetry" "The blood vessel between the lungs and the left atrium is the: A) pulmonary artery B) Pulmonary vein C) inferior vena cava D) aorta E) superior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER B) pulmonary artery" "Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? A) They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue B) they have either or both of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae C) They are the simplest organisms with complete alimentary canal (two openings) D) they are primarily filter feeders E) They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hyrostatic skeleton. - CORRECT ANSWER E) they may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton" "Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms A) dorsoventrally flattened bodyies B) radial symmentry C)Flame bulbs D)a digestive system with a single opening E) both A and D - CORRECT ANSWER D) digestive system with a single opening" "What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animals development? 1. Gastrula 2. blastula 3. fertilization 4. cleavage - CORRECT ANSWER 3,4,2,1" "Which of the following are characteristics of arhropods? 1. protosome development 2. bilateral symmetry 3. a pseudocoelom 4. three embryonic germ layers 5. a closed circulatory system - CORRECT ANSWER D) 1, 2 and 4" "correct sequence of events of the path of a blood cell - CORRECT ANSWER Superior and inferior vena cavas right atrum right ventrical pulmoary artery lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventrical aorta Cycle" “altruism - CORRECT ANSWER a behavior that may reduce an individual's fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population" "associative - CORRECT ANSWER A type of learning in which the animals match one feature of the environment (a stimulus, such as color) with another (such as taste)." "fixed action pattern - CORRECT ANSWER a sequence of unlearned behavioral acts that is essential unchangeable and once initiated, carried to completion (babies suckling)" "game theory - CORRECT ANSWER a method that evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual's strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals" "Habituation - CORRECT ANSWER A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information; offers no feedback" "proximate causation - CORRECT ANSWER these question focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior and the genetic/physiological/anatomical mechanisms that govern the behavior" "spatial - CORRECT ANSWER a type of learning in which behavior is modified based on experience with the physical structure of the environment" "tactile - CORRECT ANSWER method of an animal communication that involves touch" "taxis - CORRECT ANSWER a more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus" "ultimate causation - CORRECT ANSWER these question address the evolutionary significance of behavioral responses" "ecosystem ecology - CORRECT ANSWER The study of energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem." "Ecotone - CORRECT ANSWER An area of intergradation between one type of terrestrial ecosystem and another, which may be represented by regions of overlap in a climograph" "Equinox - CORRECT ANSWER the time of year when the sun crosses the equator and day and night are of equal length; when the equator directly faces the sun" "Estuaries - CORRECT ANSWER transition area between river and sea; characterized by complex flow patterns" "intertidal zone - CORRECT ANSWER periodically submerged and exposed by the tides" "lakes - CORRECT ANSWER consist of oligotrophic or eutrophic types; may be a few meters squared to several kilometers squared" "population ecology - CORRECT ANSWER The study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size." "Savanna - CORRECT ANSWER rainfall is seasonal, temperatures warm year-round; scattered trees" "Solstice - CORRECT ANSWER time of year when one of the hemispheres tilts towards the sun and one tilts away" "streams and rivers - CORRECT ANSWER Most prominent characteristic is current. Headwaters have higher oxygen content and mouths have higher nutrient content." "summer - CORRECT ANSWER Time of year when lakes in temperate regions have colder temperatures near the bottom" "temperate grassland - CORRECT ANSWER Precipitation highly seasonal; winters cold, summers hot; dominated by grasses and forbs" "ecological niche - CORRECT ANSWER the sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment" "emigration - CORRECT ANSWER movement of individuals out of a population" "energetic hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER suggests that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain" "Evotranspiration - CORRECT ANSWER consists of evaporation of water from soil and transpiration of water by plants" "exponential growth - CORRECT ANSWER population growth under ideal conditions" "facilitators - CORRECT ANSWER Ecosystem "engineers" species that physically alter the structure of the community" "realized niche - CORRECT ANSWER the condition that the organism actually occupies, possibly as a result of competition with another species" "relative abundance - CORRECT ANSWER how many of each species is present" "secondary succession - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when an existing community has been cleared but the soil has been left intact" "semelparity - CORRECT ANSWER Demonstrated by organisms that save up for a long-period of time and produce a big, "one-shot" effort of reproduction" "species diversity - CORRECT ANSWER made up of species richness and relative abundance" "species richness - CORRECT ANSWER a measure of how many different species are present" "uniform dispersion - CORRECT ANSWER a type of dispersion exhibited by animals as a result of antagonistic interactions" "actual evapotranspiration - CORRECT ANSWER Increases with the amount of precipitation in a region and amount of solar energy available" "Which of the following questions asks about proximate causes of behavior? a. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction b. What is the behavior's evolutionary history? c. How variable is this behavior for the species? d. How does the animal's experience during growth and development influence its response to stimulus? - CORRECT ANSWER d." "Which of the following does not correctly describe a fixed action pattern? a. they are essentially unchangeable b. once started, they are usually carried to completion c. they are more prominent in juveniles d. they are triggered by an external cue - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Which of the following statements about animal communication is true? a. it requires transmission and reception of a signal b. It is always found in vertebrates c. it always has both a visual and an auditory component d. it is of little importance for mating - CORRECT ANSWER a." "Suppose you were interested in starting a farm near a mountain range somewhere in the Northern hemisphere and growing a vegetable crop that requires a lot of sunlight and water. Which of the following should you do to maximize your success? a. establish crops on the top of the mountain range b. establish crops on the north-facing and leeward slopes of the mountain range c. establish crops on the south facing slopes of the mountain range d. establish crops on the windward side of the mountain range e. C and D - CORRECT ANSWER e." "Seasons on Earth in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are caused by a. the distance from the Earth to the sun changing over the course of a year b. a change in the angle of tilt of Earth's axis throughout the year c. the angle of the sun's rays striking Earth changing as the Earth orbits the sun with a constant tilt d. the rotation of the Earth on its own axis e. A combination of b and e - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Imagine that a species of fish used to be a broadcast spawner (producing many eggs that then get no subsequent parental care) but has evolved to be a mouth brooder (holding the eggs in the parent's mouth until they hatch and the caring for the young for a while). We could expect the survivorship curve of this species to a. Shift from Type I to Type II or III b. Shift from Type II to Type I c. Shift from Type III to Type I or II d. Shift from Type II to Type III e. Vary unpredictably - CORRECT ANSWER c." "A limiting source is a. a resource that is low in availability b. a resource that is high in availability c. a key resource that could limit growth or reproduction, even if other resources are abundant d. a resource that is always competed for in a population of a species e. an abiotic factor that decreases growth more than other environmental factors - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Which of the following best describes resource partitioning? a. two species can coevolve the share identical niches b. competitive exclusion results in the success of their superior species c. a climax community is reached when no new niches are available d. slight variation in niche allows smaller species to coexist e. differential resource utilization results in the decrease in community species diversity - CORRECT ANSWER d." "Look at the following figure, which shows a partial Chesepeake Bay food web. If sea nettles disappeared, a. there would be fewer fish eggs b. there would be more striped bass c. there would be fewer zooplankton d. striped bass would have less food to eat e. fish larvae would decrease in abundance - CORRECT ANSWER b." "In rocky intertidal communities of western North America, Robert Paine removed Pisaster, an uncommon starfish, and measured species diversity. He found that species diversity dropped dramatically when Pisaster was not present. From this, we can conclude that a. uncommon species are more vital to the community than common species b. Predators are more vital to the community than prey c. Pisaster likely consumes to the dominant competitors d. Robert Paine's experiment was poor designed e. Removing one species always hurt the community - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Plants growing beneath and completely dependent upon the shade and dim light provided by the canopy of tall trees is an example of which kind of species interaction? a. Ammensalism b. Mutualism c. Commensalism d. Parasitism e. Competition - CORRECT ANSWER c." "Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Change occurs in the environment 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change." "Natural Selection is based on all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWER Individuals adapt to their environment and, thereby evolve." "Which statement about natural selection is most correct? - CORRECT ANSWER Well- Adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generations gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals ." "What probably accounts for the switch to DNA-based genetic systems during the evolution of life on earth? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA is chemically more stable and replicates with fewer errors (mutations) than RNA" "Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be - CORRECT ANSWER A. 28" "Which is a defining characterisitic that all protocell had in common? - CORRECT ANSWER C. a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure" "It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that - CORRECT ANSWER C. Islands forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors" "Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same - CORRECT ANSWER C. Family" "Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? - CORRECT ANSWER D. All organisms use essentially the same genetic code" "If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? - CORRECT ANSWER E. 22,920" "During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students' remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? A) Only favorable adaptions have survival value B) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance C) Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival D) spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve - CORRECT ANSWER E) individuals adapt to their environment and, thereby, evolve." "In bionomial nomenclature where humans are: Homo sapiens Homo is the A) Class B) family C) Genus D) species E) order - CORRECT ANSWER C) Genus" "Natural selection is based on all the following except A) population tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support B) Genetic variation exists within populations C) The best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring D) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. E) Individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby evolve - CORRECT ANSWER E) Individuals adapt to their environment and, thereby evolve" "RNA molecules can both carry genetic information and be catalytic. This supports the proposal that A) RNA could make energy B) RNA is a polymer C) protobionts had an RNA membrane D) RNA was the first hereditary information E. Free nucelotides should not have been necessary in the synthesis of new RNA molecules - CORRECT ANSWER D. RNA was the first hereditary information" "Why don't we have fossil records for all organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER 1) fossils are only found with certain species 2) Fossils could've been destroyed over years 3) not all organisms can become fossils" "Which gas was least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere, prior to 2 billion years ago? A) CO2 B)CH4 C)NH3 D)O2 E) H20 - CORRECT ANSWER D) O2"