Test Bank Complete_
A Concise Introduction To Logic 14th Edition, (2023)
By Patrick Hurley (Author)
All Chapters 1-14| Latest Version With Well Detailed And Verified Answers
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,Chapter 1. Basic Concepts ______________________________________________________ 3
Chapter 2. Language: Meaning and Definition ____________________________________ 244
Chapter 3. Informal Fallacies __________________________________________________ 405
Chapter 4. Categorical Propositions ____________________________________________ 580
Chapter 5. Categorical Syllogisms ______________________________________________ 786
Chapter 6. Propositional Logic _________________________________________________ 972
Chapter 7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic ______________________________ 1143
Chapter 8. Predicate Logic ___________________________________________________ 1185
Chapter 9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning ______________________________ 1219
Chapter 10. Causality and Mill’s Methods ______________________________________ 1238
Chapter 11. Probability _____________________________________________________ 1265
Chapter 12. Statistical Reasoning _____________________________________________ 1287
Chapter 13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning __________________________________ 1310
Chapter 14. Science and Superstition __________________________________________ 1331
,Chapter 1. Basic Concepts
Patrick Hurley: A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition, (2023) Test Bank
INSTRUCTIONS: The Following Selections Relate To Distinguishing Arguments From Nonarguments
And Identifying Conclusions. Select The Best Answer For Each.
1. There Appears To Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women. Women
Today Are Working More And Relaxing Less, While Men Are Working Less And
Relaxing More. Forty Years Ago A Typical Woman Spent 40 Minutes More Per Week
Than The Typical Man Performing An Activity Considered Unpleasant. Today, With
Men Working Less, The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
A. Argument; Conclusion: Today ... The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
B. Nonargument.
C. Argument; Conclusion: Forty Years Ago ... An Activity Considered Unpleasant.
D. Argument; Conclusion: There Appears To Be ... Between Men And Women.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Women Today Are Working More And Relaxing Less.
ANSWER: D
The Statement Provides An Argument With The Conclusion Being "There Appears To
Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women." The Rest Of The Passage
Presents Evidence Supporting This Conclusion, But The Conclusion Itself Is The Key
Claim Being Made. Therefore, The Correct Answer Is D, As It Identifies The Conclusion
Of The Argument.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
,2. Lead Is Toxic, But Do You Know Why? Lead Is Toxic Mainly Because It
Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions. In So Doing It Interferes
With The Proteins That Regulate Blood Pressure (Which Can Cause Development
Delays In Children And High Blood Pressure In Adults), Heme Production (Which Can
Lead To Anemia), And Sperm Production. Lead Also Displaces Calcium In The
Reactions That Transmit Electrical Impulses In The Brain, Which Diminishes The
Ability To Think And Recall Information.
Anne Marie Helmenstine, "Your Guide To Chemistry"
A. Argument; Conclusion: It Interferes With The Proteins And Sperm Production.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Is Toxic.
C. Nonargument.
D. Argument; Conclusion: It Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical
Reactions.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Also Displaces Calcium Recall Information.
ANSWER: C
The Passage Provides An Explanation Of Why Lead Is Toxic, Listing Multiple Effects
Without Presenting A Clear Conclusion To Argue. Since It's An Informational
Explanation Rather Than An Argumentative One, C (Nonargument) Is The Correct
Answer. There Is No Central Argument Being Made, Just A Description Of Lead's Toxic
Properties.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
3. Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself. He Argued That It Was
Virtuous To Choose The Proper Amount Of Emotion And/Or Action Called For In A
Particular Situation And That Extremes Of Emotion And Action Were Vices. In All
,Communities There Are Some Men Of Practical Wisdom Who Have The Capacity To
Judge Wisely. Aristotle Argued That They Have The Capacity To Follow The "Right
Rule" Whatever The Situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism And Ethical Choice
A. Argument; Conclusion: In All Communities ... Capacity To Judge Wisely.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself.
C. Argument; Conclusion: They Have The Capacity To Follow ... The Situation.
D. Argument; Conclusion: He Argued That It Was Virtuous ... Were Vices
E. Nonargument.
ANSWER: E
This Passage Describes Aristotle’s Views On Virtue And Practical Wisdom, But It
Doesn't Present A Specific Conclusion Or Argument. It’s More Of An Explanation Of
His Philosophy, So E (Nonargument) Is The Correct Answer. There Isn't A Debatable
Claim Being Made Here.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
4. Undocumented Immigrants Pay Local Sales Taxes, And Many Of Them Also Pay
State, Local, And Federal Income Tax And Social Security Tax. They Also Purchase
Items From Local Merchants, Increasing The Amount These Merchants Pay In Taxes. In
Addition, They Work For Low Salaries, Which Increases The Earnings Of Their
Employers And The Amount Of Taxes These Employers Pay. Thus, It Is Not Correct To
Say That Undocumented Immigrants Contribute Nothing To The Communities In Which
They Live.
A. Argument; Conclusion: It Is Not Correct To Say Communities In Which They Live.
B. Argument; Conclusion: They Work For Low Salaries These Employers Pay.
,C. Argument; Conclusion: Undocumented Immigrants Pay Social Security Tax.
D. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Purchase Items Pay In Taxes.
E. Nonargument.
ANSWER: A
The Passage Is Presenting An Argument With The Conclusion Being That "It Is Not
Correct To Say That Undocumented Immigrants Contribute Nothing To The
Communities In Which They Live." The Rest Of The Passage Provides Evidence To
Support This Conclusion. Therefore, A Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
5. Numerous Studies Have Indicated That Women Of Color, Black Women In Particular,
Are Over-Arrested, Over-Indicted, And Over-Sentenced. African-American Women Are
Seven Times More Likely To Be Arrested For Prostitution Than Women Of Other Ethnic
Groups. Black Women Have Received Significantly Longer Sentences For Crimes
Against Property And Served Longer Periods In Prison. For Both Murder And Drug
Offenses, Euroamerican Women Ended Up Serving One-Third Less Time For The Same
Offenses Than Black Women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women And Imprisonment In The U.S."
A. Argument; Conclusion: African-American Women ... Other Ethnic Groups.
B. Nonargument.
C. Argument; Conclusion: For Both Murder And Drug Offenses ... Black Women.
D. Argument; Conclusion: Numerous Studies Have Indicated ... Over-Sentenced.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Black Women Have Received ... Longer Periods In Prison.
ANSWER: B
,While The Passage Provides Statistical Evidence Regarding The Over-Arrest And Over-
Sentencing Of Black Women, It Does Not Present A Clear Argumentative Structure With
A Conclusion. Instead, It States Facts Or Findings From Studies. Because No Debatable
Claim Is Being Made, B (Nonargument) Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
6. It's Even More Important These Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A
Firewall. There Are Criminal Elements Lurking In The Shadows Of Cyberspace Who
Send Out Probes To Detect Unprotected Pcs. Once A Vulnerable Computer Is Found,
These Criminals Install Software That Assists Them In Committing Identity Theft And
Fencing Stolen Ids. They Also Defraud Online Advertisers By Using These Zombie
Computers To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
A. Argument; Conclusion: There Are Criminal Elements To Detect Unprotected Pcs.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Once A Vulnerable Computer Fencing Stolen Ids.
C. Nonargument.
D. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Defraud To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
E. Argument; Conclusion: It's Even More Important Protected By A Firewall.
ANSWER: E
The Passage Starts With An Assertion That It Is Important For Computers To Be
Protected By A Firewall, Which Is The Main Claim. The Rest Of The Passage Provides
Supporting Details, But The Key Conclusion Is That "It's Even More Important These
Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A Firewall." Thus, E Is The Correct Answer,
As It Identifies The Conclusion Of The Argument.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
, HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
7. The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For Many Reasons. Nearly All Observations
Must Be Made Through The Atmosphere, And The Phenomena Of The Upper
Atmosphere And The Magnetosphere Reflect The State Of Interplanetary Space. The
Earth Is Also The Most Important Object Of Comparison For Planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, Et Al., Fundamental Astronomy
A. Argument; Conclusion: The Phenomena ... State Of Interplanetary Space.
B. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Also ... For Planetologists.
C. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy.
D. Nonargument.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Nearly All Observations ... Through The Atmosphere.
ANSWER: C
The Passage Introduces The Fact That The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For
Various Reasons And Provides Evidence To Support This. The Central Claim Is That
"The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy," Which Is The Conclusion Of The Passage.
Therefore, C Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
8. If The Trade In Tiger Products Is Banned, Tiger Reserves Are Guarded By Well
Equipped Staff, Communities Abutting Tiger Habitat Are Given A Stake In Protecting
A Concise Introduction To Logic 14th Edition, (2023)
By Patrick Hurley (Author)
All Chapters 1-14| Latest Version With Well Detailed And Verified Answers
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,Chapter 1. Basic Concepts ______________________________________________________ 3
Chapter 2. Language: Meaning and Definition ____________________________________ 244
Chapter 3. Informal Fallacies __________________________________________________ 405
Chapter 4. Categorical Propositions ____________________________________________ 580
Chapter 5. Categorical Syllogisms ______________________________________________ 786
Chapter 6. Propositional Logic _________________________________________________ 972
Chapter 7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic ______________________________ 1143
Chapter 8. Predicate Logic ___________________________________________________ 1185
Chapter 9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning ______________________________ 1219
Chapter 10. Causality and Mill’s Methods ______________________________________ 1238
Chapter 11. Probability _____________________________________________________ 1265
Chapter 12. Statistical Reasoning _____________________________________________ 1287
Chapter 13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning __________________________________ 1310
Chapter 14. Science and Superstition __________________________________________ 1331
,Chapter 1. Basic Concepts
Patrick Hurley: A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition, (2023) Test Bank
INSTRUCTIONS: The Following Selections Relate To Distinguishing Arguments From Nonarguments
And Identifying Conclusions. Select The Best Answer For Each.
1. There Appears To Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women. Women
Today Are Working More And Relaxing Less, While Men Are Working Less And
Relaxing More. Forty Years Ago A Typical Woman Spent 40 Minutes More Per Week
Than The Typical Man Performing An Activity Considered Unpleasant. Today, With
Men Working Less, The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
A. Argument; Conclusion: Today ... The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
B. Nonargument.
C. Argument; Conclusion: Forty Years Ago ... An Activity Considered Unpleasant.
D. Argument; Conclusion: There Appears To Be ... Between Men And Women.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Women Today Are Working More And Relaxing Less.
ANSWER: D
The Statement Provides An Argument With The Conclusion Being "There Appears To
Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women." The Rest Of The Passage
Presents Evidence Supporting This Conclusion, But The Conclusion Itself Is The Key
Claim Being Made. Therefore, The Correct Answer Is D, As It Identifies The Conclusion
Of The Argument.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
,2. Lead Is Toxic, But Do You Know Why? Lead Is Toxic Mainly Because It
Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions. In So Doing It Interferes
With The Proteins That Regulate Blood Pressure (Which Can Cause Development
Delays In Children And High Blood Pressure In Adults), Heme Production (Which Can
Lead To Anemia), And Sperm Production. Lead Also Displaces Calcium In The
Reactions That Transmit Electrical Impulses In The Brain, Which Diminishes The
Ability To Think And Recall Information.
Anne Marie Helmenstine, "Your Guide To Chemistry"
A. Argument; Conclusion: It Interferes With The Proteins And Sperm Production.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Is Toxic.
C. Nonargument.
D. Argument; Conclusion: It Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical
Reactions.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Also Displaces Calcium Recall Information.
ANSWER: C
The Passage Provides An Explanation Of Why Lead Is Toxic, Listing Multiple Effects
Without Presenting A Clear Conclusion To Argue. Since It's An Informational
Explanation Rather Than An Argumentative One, C (Nonargument) Is The Correct
Answer. There Is No Central Argument Being Made, Just A Description Of Lead's Toxic
Properties.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
3. Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself. He Argued That It Was
Virtuous To Choose The Proper Amount Of Emotion And/Or Action Called For In A
Particular Situation And That Extremes Of Emotion And Action Were Vices. In All
,Communities There Are Some Men Of Practical Wisdom Who Have The Capacity To
Judge Wisely. Aristotle Argued That They Have The Capacity To Follow The "Right
Rule" Whatever The Situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism And Ethical Choice
A. Argument; Conclusion: In All Communities ... Capacity To Judge Wisely.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself.
C. Argument; Conclusion: They Have The Capacity To Follow ... The Situation.
D. Argument; Conclusion: He Argued That It Was Virtuous ... Were Vices
E. Nonargument.
ANSWER: E
This Passage Describes Aristotle’s Views On Virtue And Practical Wisdom, But It
Doesn't Present A Specific Conclusion Or Argument. It’s More Of An Explanation Of
His Philosophy, So E (Nonargument) Is The Correct Answer. There Isn't A Debatable
Claim Being Made Here.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
4. Undocumented Immigrants Pay Local Sales Taxes, And Many Of Them Also Pay
State, Local, And Federal Income Tax And Social Security Tax. They Also Purchase
Items From Local Merchants, Increasing The Amount These Merchants Pay In Taxes. In
Addition, They Work For Low Salaries, Which Increases The Earnings Of Their
Employers And The Amount Of Taxes These Employers Pay. Thus, It Is Not Correct To
Say That Undocumented Immigrants Contribute Nothing To The Communities In Which
They Live.
A. Argument; Conclusion: It Is Not Correct To Say Communities In Which They Live.
B. Argument; Conclusion: They Work For Low Salaries These Employers Pay.
,C. Argument; Conclusion: Undocumented Immigrants Pay Social Security Tax.
D. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Purchase Items Pay In Taxes.
E. Nonargument.
ANSWER: A
The Passage Is Presenting An Argument With The Conclusion Being That "It Is Not
Correct To Say That Undocumented Immigrants Contribute Nothing To The
Communities In Which They Live." The Rest Of The Passage Provides Evidence To
Support This Conclusion. Therefore, A Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
5. Numerous Studies Have Indicated That Women Of Color, Black Women In Particular,
Are Over-Arrested, Over-Indicted, And Over-Sentenced. African-American Women Are
Seven Times More Likely To Be Arrested For Prostitution Than Women Of Other Ethnic
Groups. Black Women Have Received Significantly Longer Sentences For Crimes
Against Property And Served Longer Periods In Prison. For Both Murder And Drug
Offenses, Euroamerican Women Ended Up Serving One-Third Less Time For The Same
Offenses Than Black Women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women And Imprisonment In The U.S."
A. Argument; Conclusion: African-American Women ... Other Ethnic Groups.
B. Nonargument.
C. Argument; Conclusion: For Both Murder And Drug Offenses ... Black Women.
D. Argument; Conclusion: Numerous Studies Have Indicated ... Over-Sentenced.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Black Women Have Received ... Longer Periods In Prison.
ANSWER: B
,While The Passage Provides Statistical Evidence Regarding The Over-Arrest And Over-
Sentencing Of Black Women, It Does Not Present A Clear Argumentative Structure With
A Conclusion. Instead, It States Facts Or Findings From Studies. Because No Debatable
Claim Is Being Made, B (Nonargument) Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
6. It's Even More Important These Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A
Firewall. There Are Criminal Elements Lurking In The Shadows Of Cyberspace Who
Send Out Probes To Detect Unprotected Pcs. Once A Vulnerable Computer Is Found,
These Criminals Install Software That Assists Them In Committing Identity Theft And
Fencing Stolen Ids. They Also Defraud Online Advertisers By Using These Zombie
Computers To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
A. Argument; Conclusion: There Are Criminal Elements To Detect Unprotected Pcs.
B. Argument; Conclusion: Once A Vulnerable Computer Fencing Stolen Ids.
C. Nonargument.
D. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Defraud To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
E. Argument; Conclusion: It's Even More Important Protected By A Firewall.
ANSWER: E
The Passage Starts With An Assertion That It Is Important For Computers To Be
Protected By A Firewall, Which Is The Main Claim. The Rest Of The Passage Provides
Supporting Details, But The Key Conclusion Is That "It's Even More Important These
Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A Firewall." Thus, E Is The Correct Answer,
As It Identifies The Conclusion Of The Argument.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
, HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
7. The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For Many Reasons. Nearly All Observations
Must Be Made Through The Atmosphere, And The Phenomena Of The Upper
Atmosphere And The Magnetosphere Reflect The State Of Interplanetary Space. The
Earth Is Also The Most Important Object Of Comparison For Planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, Et Al., Fundamental Astronomy
A. Argument; Conclusion: The Phenomena ... State Of Interplanetary Space.
B. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Also ... For Planetologists.
C. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy.
D. Nonargument.
E. Argument; Conclusion: Nearly All Observations ... Through The Atmosphere.
ANSWER: C
The Passage Introduces The Fact That The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For
Various Reasons And Provides Evidence To Support This. The Central Claim Is That
"The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy," Which Is The Conclusion Of The Passage.
Therefore, C Is The Correct Answer.
POINTS: 2
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
PREFACE NAME: Arguments/Conclusions
DATE CREATED: 5/15/2023
DATE MODIFIED: 5/15/2023
8. If The Trade In Tiger Products Is Banned, Tiger Reserves Are Guarded By Well
Equipped Staff, Communities Abutting Tiger Habitat Are Given A Stake In Protecting
