Module 1
PSYC 1010 Test 1 Study Package
Modules 1-3, 4-6, 45-47
Empirical Approach: Evidence-based method that draws from observation and
experimentation.
Critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and
conclusions.
Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases,
evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Scientific Attitude requires 1. Curiosity 2. Skepticism 3. Humility
First Psychology laboratory: Built by Wilhelm Wundt about the fastest and
simplest mental process.
First Psychology School of Thought:
Structuralism: By Wundt and Titchener: Introspection (Looking Inward) reporting
on sensation and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli.
Functionalism: By James influenced by Darwin: Mental and behaviour processes
function and how they let organisms adapt, survive and flourish.
Behaviourism: By Skinner: Psychology should be an objective science that
studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. How we learn and
respond in different situations.
Freudian Psychology: Emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood
experiences affect our behaviour.
Humanistic Psychology: By Rogers and Moslow: our needs for love and
acceptance and on the environment that nurture or limit personal growth.
Human growth potential.
Cognitive psychology: How we perceive, process and remember information, and
of how thinking and emotion interact in anxiety, depression and other disorders.
Psychology: Science of Behaviour and mental processes.
Nature-nurture issue: The controversy over the contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours.
The contribution of biology and experience to human traits.
Evolutionary psychology: the study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind
using principles of natural selection.
Behaviour genetics: The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and
,environmental influences on behaviour. How individuals differ because of
differing genes and environments.
Even though attitudes and behaviours vary by gender or across cultures, as
they often do, the underlying processes are much the same.
Positive Psychology: the study of human flourishing, finding how individuals and
communities thrive.
Psychology’s three levels of analysis: (Biopsychosocial approach):
1. Biological: Genetically influenced traits, genetic mutations, natural
selection of traits, genes responding to the environment
2. Psychological: Learned fears, emotional responses, cognitive
processing and interpretations
3. Social-cultural: Presence of others, cultural, societal and family
expectations, peer and other group influences
Basic Research: Aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Biological Psychology: Exploring the links between the body and
mind
Developmental Psychology: studying our changing abilities from birth to
death Cognitive Psychology: experimenting with how we perceive, think,
and solve problems Personality Psychology: investigating our persistent
traits
Social Psychology: exploring how we view and affect one
another. Applied Research: scientific study that aims to solve
practical problems.
Industrial-organizational psychology: help oranizations and companies select and
train employees and boost morale and productivity using psychological concepts.
Clinical psychology: a branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats
people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry: a branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders by
physicians who are licensed to provide drugs as well as therapy.
Community Psychology: how people interact with their social environments
Testing effect: the practice of retesting and the enhanced memory of retrieving
(self-testing). SQ3R: the study method of Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve,
, Review.
Spaced Study: Distributing the available study time. Critical Thinking and
overlearning.
Module 2:
Hindsight Bias: To believe after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it.
Overconfidence: Thinking that we know more than we actually do. Being more
confident that correct. Hindsight bias can influence overconfidence.
PSYC 1010 Test 1 Study Package
Modules 1-3, 4-6, 45-47
Empirical Approach: Evidence-based method that draws from observation and
experimentation.
Critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and
conclusions.
Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases,
evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Scientific Attitude requires 1. Curiosity 2. Skepticism 3. Humility
First Psychology laboratory: Built by Wilhelm Wundt about the fastest and
simplest mental process.
First Psychology School of Thought:
Structuralism: By Wundt and Titchener: Introspection (Looking Inward) reporting
on sensation and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli.
Functionalism: By James influenced by Darwin: Mental and behaviour processes
function and how they let organisms adapt, survive and flourish.
Behaviourism: By Skinner: Psychology should be an objective science that
studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. How we learn and
respond in different situations.
Freudian Psychology: Emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood
experiences affect our behaviour.
Humanistic Psychology: By Rogers and Moslow: our needs for love and
acceptance and on the environment that nurture or limit personal growth.
Human growth potential.
Cognitive psychology: How we perceive, process and remember information, and
of how thinking and emotion interact in anxiety, depression and other disorders.
Psychology: Science of Behaviour and mental processes.
Nature-nurture issue: The controversy over the contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours.
The contribution of biology and experience to human traits.
Evolutionary psychology: the study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind
using principles of natural selection.
Behaviour genetics: The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and
,environmental influences on behaviour. How individuals differ because of
differing genes and environments.
Even though attitudes and behaviours vary by gender or across cultures, as
they often do, the underlying processes are much the same.
Positive Psychology: the study of human flourishing, finding how individuals and
communities thrive.
Psychology’s three levels of analysis: (Biopsychosocial approach):
1. Biological: Genetically influenced traits, genetic mutations, natural
selection of traits, genes responding to the environment
2. Psychological: Learned fears, emotional responses, cognitive
processing and interpretations
3. Social-cultural: Presence of others, cultural, societal and family
expectations, peer and other group influences
Basic Research: Aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Biological Psychology: Exploring the links between the body and
mind
Developmental Psychology: studying our changing abilities from birth to
death Cognitive Psychology: experimenting with how we perceive, think,
and solve problems Personality Psychology: investigating our persistent
traits
Social Psychology: exploring how we view and affect one
another. Applied Research: scientific study that aims to solve
practical problems.
Industrial-organizational psychology: help oranizations and companies select and
train employees and boost morale and productivity using psychological concepts.
Clinical psychology: a branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats
people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry: a branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders by
physicians who are licensed to provide drugs as well as therapy.
Community Psychology: how people interact with their social environments
Testing effect: the practice of retesting and the enhanced memory of retrieving
(self-testing). SQ3R: the study method of Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve,
, Review.
Spaced Study: Distributing the available study time. Critical Thinking and
overlearning.
Module 2:
Hindsight Bias: To believe after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it.
Overconfidence: Thinking that we know more than we actually do. Being more
confident that correct. Hindsight bias can influence overconfidence.
