Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (Latest 2025/ 2026
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology TEST BANK | i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
450 Questions with Verified Answers| 100%
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Correct |Grade A – Chamberlain. i,- i,- i,- i,-
What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
for anatomical structures
i,- 1. Filtration and collection i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
of having a shorter urethra. True/False
i,- True
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Increase water consumption i,- i,-
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
i,- i,- i,- i,-
Taking more Vitamin D i,- i,- i,-
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Increase water i,- i,-
consumption
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Fever
Flank pain i,-
,Urgency
Decreased Urination i,- i,-i,- i,- Urgency
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
tract infection?
i,- i,-
It is usually asymptomatic
i,- i,- i,- i,-
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Is associated with young adults
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Can be caused by a structural
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
urinary tract disorder i,- i,-
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
urinary tract infection (UTI)?
i,- i,- i,-
Perimenopause i,-
Frequent showering i,- i,-
Marathon running i,- i,-
Pregnancy i,-i,- i,- Pregnancy
1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. Where can a UTI occur?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
,3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
when 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
epithelium to cause inflammation and infection i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
ureter, or kidney i,- i,-
3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
hide from the immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
is this?
i,-
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
shock or bacterimia i,- i,- i,-
Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
much shorter) 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that allow them to stick to one another and adhere to surfaces
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that help them survive.
i,- i,- i,-
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
, UTI risk factors
i,- i,-
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. The female ureter is shorter and
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,-
1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
promoting an environment for bacteria growth. i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
4. spermicides
i,-
5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders
i,- i,- i,- i,-
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
(blank) Other common symptoms include i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed to identify
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
hematuria, proteinuria, and the presence of nitrites. The presence
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
of nitrites
i,-
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology TEST BANK | i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
450 Questions with Verified Answers| 100%
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Correct |Grade A – Chamberlain. i,- i,- i,- i,-
What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
for anatomical structures
i,- 1. Filtration and collection i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
of having a shorter urethra. True/False
i,- True
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,-
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Increase water consumption i,- i,-
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
i,- i,- i,- i,-
Taking more Vitamin D i,- i,- i,-
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Increase water i,- i,-
consumption
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Fever
Flank pain i,-
,Urgency
Decreased Urination i,- i,-i,- i,- Urgency
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
tract infection?
i,- i,-
It is usually asymptomatic
i,- i,- i,- i,-
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Is associated with young adults
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,- i,- Can be caused by a structural
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
urinary tract disorder i,- i,-
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
urinary tract infection (UTI)?
i,- i,- i,-
Perimenopause i,-
Frequent showering i,- i,-
Marathon running i,- i,-
Pregnancy i,-i,- i,- Pregnancy
1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. Where can a UTI occur?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
,3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
when 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary
i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
epithelium to cause inflammation and infection i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder,
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
ureter, or kidney i,- i,-
3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
hide from the immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
is this?
i,-
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
shock or bacterimia i,- i,- i,-
Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
much shorter) 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
i,- i,-i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that allow them to stick to one another and adhere to surfaces
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that help them survive.
i,- i,- i,-
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
, UTI risk factors
i,- i,-
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why?
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. The female ureter is shorter and
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-i,-
1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
promoting an environment for bacteria growth. i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
4. spermicides
i,-
5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders
i,- i,- i,- i,-
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
(blank) Other common symptoms include i,- i,- i,- i,-
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed to identify
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
hematuria, proteinuria, and the presence of nitrites. The presence
i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,- i,-
of nitrites
i,-
