Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NEWEST 2025
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Which type of Diabetes involves insulin resistance where the effect of insulin is blunted in skeletal muscle and liver?
- ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Which type of Diabetes involves the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and results in an absolute deficiency of
insulin? - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
What type of Diabetes is also called 'Juvenile diabetes,' and is an autoimmune disorder resulting from genetics,
environmental trigger, hypersensitivity reaction? - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Which type of Diabetes involves progressive impairment of beta cells, deranged secretion of insulin, or the eventual
exhaustion/failure of beta cells, and increased glucose production by liver? - ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Family history
-Overweight
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Cardiovascular disease
pg. 1
,Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
-Hypertension
-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
-Latino/Hispanic, Black, Asian American, Native American, or Pacific Islander decent
-History of delivering infant >9 Ibs. - ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? - ✔✔✔Regardless of cause,
1. pancreatic beta cells have decreased release of insulin (leads to decreased glucose uptake AND increased hepatic
glucose output and eventual hyperglycemia).
2. Skeletal muscle has increased insulin resistance (leads to decreased glucose uptake, and eventual hyperglycemia).
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Family history
-Beta cell autoimmunity
-Autoimmune disease
-Infection
-Environmental exposure
-Chemical exposure
-Dietary exposure - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Fetal abnormalities in previous pregnancy
-Previous heavy infant
-Obese
-Greater than or equal to 5 pregnancies - ✔✔✔Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
-Advanced maternal age
-History of stillbirth or spontaneous abortion
-Family history
pg. 2
,Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
Which disease has the following presentation?
-Abdominal obesity
-Increased free fatty acids
-Beta cell dysfunction
-Insulin resistance
-Overproduction of glucose by liver - ✔✔✔Metabolic Syndrome
What is the NCEP ATP III Criteria for diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome? - ✔✔✔-Abdominal obesity: waist >35 in.
in women, >40 in. in men
-Triglycerides > or equal to 150-160 mg/dL
-HDL <50 mg/dL in women, <40 mg/dl in men
-Blood pressure >130/85
-Fasting plasma glucose >100-110 mg/dL
Which disease has the following signs and symptoms?
-Excess glucose not reabsorbed/water loss
-Intracellular dehydration
-Cellular starvation
-Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy*
-Lens and retina exposed to hyperosmotic fluid
-Temporary dysfunction of peripheral nerves - ✔✔✔Diabetes Mellitus
*Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy (ONLY for TYPE 1 DM)
When should individuals get tested for diabetes? - ✔✔✔All individuals 45 years and older.
Below 45 years old if:
-1st degree relative has DM
-Obese
-physical inactivity
pg. 3
, Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
-High risk ethnic population
-Women with PCOS
-Have HTN, HLP, or CVD
What are 3 diagnostic tests for Diabetes? - ✔✔✔-Fasting blood glucose test
-Oral glucose tolerance test
-HbA1c test
How long must one fast in the fasting blood glucose test? - ✔✔✔8 hours
What is the normal and impaired ranges for the fasting blood glucose test? - ✔✔✔Normal: <100 mg/dL
Impaired: 100-125 mg/dL
What is the normal and impaired ranges for the Oral glucose tolerance test? - ✔✔✔Normal: <140 mg/dL
Impaired: 140-199 mg/dL
True or false? Glucose entry into RBC is not insulin dependent. - ✔✔✔True
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of HbA1c for diabetes? - ✔✔✔greater than or equal to
6.5%
*Note the ADA does not have this diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of fasting plasma glucose for diabetes? - ✔✔✔greater
than or equal to 126 mg/dL
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for diabetes? -
✔✔✔greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL
pg. 4
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NEWEST 2025
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Which type of Diabetes involves insulin resistance where the effect of insulin is blunted in skeletal muscle and liver?
- ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Which type of Diabetes involves the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and results in an absolute deficiency of
insulin? - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
What type of Diabetes is also called 'Juvenile diabetes,' and is an autoimmune disorder resulting from genetics,
environmental trigger, hypersensitivity reaction? - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Which type of Diabetes involves progressive impairment of beta cells, deranged secretion of insulin, or the eventual
exhaustion/failure of beta cells, and increased glucose production by liver? - ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Family history
-Overweight
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Cardiovascular disease
pg. 1
,Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
-Hypertension
-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
-Latino/Hispanic, Black, Asian American, Native American, or Pacific Islander decent
-History of delivering infant >9 Ibs. - ✔✔✔Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? - ✔✔✔Regardless of cause,
1. pancreatic beta cells have decreased release of insulin (leads to decreased glucose uptake AND increased hepatic
glucose output and eventual hyperglycemia).
2. Skeletal muscle has increased insulin resistance (leads to decreased glucose uptake, and eventual hyperglycemia).
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Family history
-Beta cell autoimmunity
-Autoimmune disease
-Infection
-Environmental exposure
-Chemical exposure
-Dietary exposure - ✔✔✔Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
The following risk factors are for what disease?
-Fetal abnormalities in previous pregnancy
-Previous heavy infant
-Obese
-Greater than or equal to 5 pregnancies - ✔✔✔Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
-Advanced maternal age
-History of stillbirth or spontaneous abortion
-Family history
pg. 2
,Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
Which disease has the following presentation?
-Abdominal obesity
-Increased free fatty acids
-Beta cell dysfunction
-Insulin resistance
-Overproduction of glucose by liver - ✔✔✔Metabolic Syndrome
What is the NCEP ATP III Criteria for diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome? - ✔✔✔-Abdominal obesity: waist >35 in.
in women, >40 in. in men
-Triglycerides > or equal to 150-160 mg/dL
-HDL <50 mg/dL in women, <40 mg/dl in men
-Blood pressure >130/85
-Fasting plasma glucose >100-110 mg/dL
Which disease has the following signs and symptoms?
-Excess glucose not reabsorbed/water loss
-Intracellular dehydration
-Cellular starvation
-Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy*
-Lens and retina exposed to hyperosmotic fluid
-Temporary dysfunction of peripheral nerves - ✔✔✔Diabetes Mellitus
*Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy (ONLY for TYPE 1 DM)
When should individuals get tested for diabetes? - ✔✔✔All individuals 45 years and older.
Below 45 years old if:
-1st degree relative has DM
-Obese
-physical inactivity
pg. 3
, Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes 2026
-High risk ethnic population
-Women with PCOS
-Have HTN, HLP, or CVD
What are 3 diagnostic tests for Diabetes? - ✔✔✔-Fasting blood glucose test
-Oral glucose tolerance test
-HbA1c test
How long must one fast in the fasting blood glucose test? - ✔✔✔8 hours
What is the normal and impaired ranges for the fasting blood glucose test? - ✔✔✔Normal: <100 mg/dL
Impaired: 100-125 mg/dL
What is the normal and impaired ranges for the Oral glucose tolerance test? - ✔✔✔Normal: <140 mg/dL
Impaired: 140-199 mg/dL
True or false? Glucose entry into RBC is not insulin dependent. - ✔✔✔True
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of HbA1c for diabetes? - ✔✔✔greater than or equal to
6.5%
*Note the ADA does not have this diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of fasting plasma glucose for diabetes? - ✔✔✔greater
than or equal to 126 mg/dL
According to the ADA criteria, what is the diagnostic reading of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for diabetes? -
✔✔✔greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL
pg. 4
