NCLEX-RN 2025: All-In-One Comprehensive Study Guide –
Expert Strategies, Full Review of Key Topics, and Practice
Questions for Guaranteed Success
Is a process of learning a different culture to adapt to a new or changing environment. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Acculturation.
It is a subjective perspective of the person's heritage and a sense of belonging to a
group - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Ethnic identity
Symptoms; weakness, hypotension, fever, & mental status changes -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Adrenal insufficiency after adrenalectomy
Observe for clear nasal drainage; constant swallowing; & severe, persistent,
generalized, frontal headache. Symptoms indicate cerebrospinal fluid leak into sinuses.
Clear drainage noted after procedure, HCP notified. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Neck circumference monitored every 4 hours assess occurrence postoperative edema.
Upright position facilitate air exchange. Monitor dressing closely & should loosen
dressing if necessary. Assist with deep breathing exercises, but coughing minimized
prevent tissue damage & stress to incision. After surgery may experience temporary
calcium imbalance. Assess for Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs. Treatment is
administration of calcium gluconate or calcium lactate. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Thyroidectomy
Regular insulin intravenous route treatment choice for DKA. Short-acting insulin only
insulin that can be given intravenously because it can be titrated to blood glucose
levels. Expect to note blood glucose levels between 350 & 1500 mg/dL, ketonuria,
serum pH less than 7.35, & serum bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/dL. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Antimicrobial agent used treat urinary tract infections caused P. aeruginosa -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Involve epidermis, full dermis, & some of subcutaneous fat layer. Burn appears tan or
fawn color, with skin hard, dry, & inelastic. Edema severe, & accumulated fluid
compresses tissue underneath because of eschar formation. Some nerve endings
,damaged, & area may be insensitive to touch, with little or no pain. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Full-thickness burn
Has a flat shape - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Platypelloid pelvis
Has an oval shape - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Anthropoid pelvis
Is heart-shaped - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Android pelvis
Is a normal female pelvis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Gynecoid pelvis
Classic symptom; high fever (temperature 101º F or higher), vomiting, & severe
diarrhea. Other symptoms; headache, myalgia, chills, abdominal pain, dizziness,
lethargy, possible confusion, & agitation. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Toxic shock syndrome
(TSS)
Symptoms; reduced force & size of urinary stream, intermittent stream, hesitancy
beginning flow of urine, inability stop urinating, sensation of incomplete bladder
emptying after voiding, postvoid dribbling of urine, & increase in episodes of nocturia. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Prostatism
Topical medication treat mild to moderate acne. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Topical azelaic
acid (Azelex)
Blindness in half visual field. Taught scan environment. Allows client take in entire visual
field, necessary for proper functioning in environment & helps prevent injury to client -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hemianopsia
Responsible for visual acuity. Tested using Snellen chart assess distant vision. Another
item used evaluate optic nerve function is Rosenbaum card; evaluate near vision. Hand-
held card used test visual acuity. Records smallest line seen as well as distance that
card is held from client - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Cranial nerve II (the optic nerve)
Pink or red without any blistering. Skin blanches to touch, may be edematous & painful,
& heals on its own, usually within 1 week. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Superficial burns
Topical antifungal agent treatment of cutaneous fungal infections. Monitors
effectiveness by noting presence or absence of skin rash, which is characteristic of this
infection. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF)
Antidiabetic med administered alone or conjunction with another antidiabetic med.
Contraindicated; significant renal dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic
ulceration, or partial intestinal obstruction. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Acarbose (Precose)
,Include meditation, relaxation techniques, imagery, music therapy, massage, touch,
laughter, humor, & spiritual measures (prayer). - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Low-risk therapies:
Because of their health & dietary practices, Native Americans, Latino Americans,
Hispanic Americans, & African Americans. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>High risk of obesity &
diabetes mellitus
Surgery is not prohibited, but the administration of blood and blood products is
forbidden. This religious group believes the soul cannot live after death. Administration
of medication is an acceptable practice except if the medication is derived from blood
products. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Jehovah's Witnesses
Believers adhere to dietary kosher laws. In this religion, the dairy-meat combination is
unacceptable. Only fish that have scales and fins are allowed; meats that are allowed
include animals that are vegetable eaters, cloven-hoofed, and ritually slaughtered. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Orthodox Judaism
include whole medical systems, mind-body medicine, biologically based practices,
manipulative & body-based practices, & energy medicine. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Five
categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM):
Focused, maintains strong control, makes decisions, & addresses all problems.
Dominates group & commands, rather than seeks suggestions or input. Manager
addresses problem (quality improvement) with taff, designs a plan without input, &
wants all problems reported directly back to her - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Autocratic leader
Participative & would likely meet with each staff person individually to determine staff
member's perception of problem. Would also speak with the staff about any issues &
ask the staff for input with developing a plan. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Democratic leader
Passive and nondirective. Would state what the problem was & inform staff that the staff
needed to come up with a plan to "fix it." - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Laissez-faire leader
Assessment findings include cough, dyspnea, crackles, tachypnea, tachycardia,
elevated blood pressure, bounding pulse, elevated CVP, weight gain, edema, neck &
hand vein distention, altered LOC, & decreased hematocrit. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Overhydration or fluid overload & occurs when fluid intake or fluid
retention
Avocado, bananas, cantaloupe, carrots, fish, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork,
beef, veal, raisins, spinach, strawberries, & tomatoes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Common
food sources of potassium:
Muscle weakness, increased urinary output, & decreased specific gravity of the urine
would be noted - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyponatremia
, Causative factors relate to malnutrition or starvation & the use of aluminum hydroxide-
based or magnesium-based antacids. Malnutrition is associated with alcoholism. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hypophosphatemia
Renal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, & tumor lysis syndrome; causative factors.
Should avoid foods high in phosphates; fish, eggs, milk products, vegetables, whole
grains, & carbonated beverages. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyperphosphatemia
Vomiting, diarrhea, conditions that increased respiration's or increased urinary output,
insufficient intravenous fluid replacement, draining fistulas, presence of ileostomy or
colostomy. Diuretics, & gastrointestinal suctioning. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Causes of a
fluid volume deficit
Decreased kidney function, heart failure, hypotonic fluids to replace isotonic fluid losses,
excessive irrigation of wounds & body cavities, & excessive ingestion of sodium. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Causes of overhydration or fluid overload:
Trauma, burns, sepsis, or metabolic or respiratory acidosis. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyperkalemia causes:
Cushing's syndrome or colitis & over use of laxatives. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hypokalemia causes:
Decreased pH & decreased HCO3. Occurs in kidney disease; diabetic ketoacidosis;
high fat diet; insufficient metabolism of carbohydrates; malnutrition; ingestion of toxins,
such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); malnutrition; severe diarrhea. Intestinal secretion
high in bicarbonate & may be lost through enteric drainage tubes, an ileostomy, or
diarrhea. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Metabolic acidotic
Nausea & vomiting. Loss of gastric acid, cause pH & HCO3 to increase. Symptoms
experienced would include hypoventilation & tachycardia. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased pH and an increased CO2. Hypoventalation & COPD -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Respiratory acidotic
Increased pH & decreased CO2. Hyperventalation, Lethargy, lightheadedness,
confusion, tachycardia, dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia, nausea, vomiting,
epigastric pain, numbness & tingling of extremities. Hyperventilation (tachypnea)
occurs. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Respiratory alkalotic
Sample for PT & INR level to determine anticoagulation status & risk for bleeding -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Warfarin (Coumadin)
Expert Strategies, Full Review of Key Topics, and Practice
Questions for Guaranteed Success
Is a process of learning a different culture to adapt to a new or changing environment. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Acculturation.
It is a subjective perspective of the person's heritage and a sense of belonging to a
group - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Ethnic identity
Symptoms; weakness, hypotension, fever, & mental status changes -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Adrenal insufficiency after adrenalectomy
Observe for clear nasal drainage; constant swallowing; & severe, persistent,
generalized, frontal headache. Symptoms indicate cerebrospinal fluid leak into sinuses.
Clear drainage noted after procedure, HCP notified. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Neck circumference monitored every 4 hours assess occurrence postoperative edema.
Upright position facilitate air exchange. Monitor dressing closely & should loosen
dressing if necessary. Assist with deep breathing exercises, but coughing minimized
prevent tissue damage & stress to incision. After surgery may experience temporary
calcium imbalance. Assess for Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs. Treatment is
administration of calcium gluconate or calcium lactate. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Thyroidectomy
Regular insulin intravenous route treatment choice for DKA. Short-acting insulin only
insulin that can be given intravenously because it can be titrated to blood glucose
levels. Expect to note blood glucose levels between 350 & 1500 mg/dL, ketonuria,
serum pH less than 7.35, & serum bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/dL. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Antimicrobial agent used treat urinary tract infections caused P. aeruginosa -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Involve epidermis, full dermis, & some of subcutaneous fat layer. Burn appears tan or
fawn color, with skin hard, dry, & inelastic. Edema severe, & accumulated fluid
compresses tissue underneath because of eschar formation. Some nerve endings
,damaged, & area may be insensitive to touch, with little or no pain. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Full-thickness burn
Has a flat shape - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Platypelloid pelvis
Has an oval shape - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Anthropoid pelvis
Is heart-shaped - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Android pelvis
Is a normal female pelvis - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Gynecoid pelvis
Classic symptom; high fever (temperature 101º F or higher), vomiting, & severe
diarrhea. Other symptoms; headache, myalgia, chills, abdominal pain, dizziness,
lethargy, possible confusion, & agitation. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Toxic shock syndrome
(TSS)
Symptoms; reduced force & size of urinary stream, intermittent stream, hesitancy
beginning flow of urine, inability stop urinating, sensation of incomplete bladder
emptying after voiding, postvoid dribbling of urine, & increase in episodes of nocturia. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Prostatism
Topical medication treat mild to moderate acne. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Topical azelaic
acid (Azelex)
Blindness in half visual field. Taught scan environment. Allows client take in entire visual
field, necessary for proper functioning in environment & helps prevent injury to client -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hemianopsia
Responsible for visual acuity. Tested using Snellen chart assess distant vision. Another
item used evaluate optic nerve function is Rosenbaum card; evaluate near vision. Hand-
held card used test visual acuity. Records smallest line seen as well as distance that
card is held from client - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Cranial nerve II (the optic nerve)
Pink or red without any blistering. Skin blanches to touch, may be edematous & painful,
& heals on its own, usually within 1 week. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Superficial burns
Topical antifungal agent treatment of cutaneous fungal infections. Monitors
effectiveness by noting presence or absence of skin rash, which is characteristic of this
infection. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF)
Antidiabetic med administered alone or conjunction with another antidiabetic med.
Contraindicated; significant renal dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic
ulceration, or partial intestinal obstruction. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Acarbose (Precose)
,Include meditation, relaxation techniques, imagery, music therapy, massage, touch,
laughter, humor, & spiritual measures (prayer). - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Low-risk therapies:
Because of their health & dietary practices, Native Americans, Latino Americans,
Hispanic Americans, & African Americans. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>High risk of obesity &
diabetes mellitus
Surgery is not prohibited, but the administration of blood and blood products is
forbidden. This religious group believes the soul cannot live after death. Administration
of medication is an acceptable practice except if the medication is derived from blood
products. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Jehovah's Witnesses
Believers adhere to dietary kosher laws. In this religion, the dairy-meat combination is
unacceptable. Only fish that have scales and fins are allowed; meats that are allowed
include animals that are vegetable eaters, cloven-hoofed, and ritually slaughtered. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Orthodox Judaism
include whole medical systems, mind-body medicine, biologically based practices,
manipulative & body-based practices, & energy medicine. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Five
categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM):
Focused, maintains strong control, makes decisions, & addresses all problems.
Dominates group & commands, rather than seeks suggestions or input. Manager
addresses problem (quality improvement) with taff, designs a plan without input, &
wants all problems reported directly back to her - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Autocratic leader
Participative & would likely meet with each staff person individually to determine staff
member's perception of problem. Would also speak with the staff about any issues &
ask the staff for input with developing a plan. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Democratic leader
Passive and nondirective. Would state what the problem was & inform staff that the staff
needed to come up with a plan to "fix it." - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Laissez-faire leader
Assessment findings include cough, dyspnea, crackles, tachypnea, tachycardia,
elevated blood pressure, bounding pulse, elevated CVP, weight gain, edema, neck &
hand vein distention, altered LOC, & decreased hematocrit. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Overhydration or fluid overload & occurs when fluid intake or fluid
retention
Avocado, bananas, cantaloupe, carrots, fish, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork,
beef, veal, raisins, spinach, strawberries, & tomatoes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Common
food sources of potassium:
Muscle weakness, increased urinary output, & decreased specific gravity of the urine
would be noted - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyponatremia
, Causative factors relate to malnutrition or starvation & the use of aluminum hydroxide-
based or magnesium-based antacids. Malnutrition is associated with alcoholism. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hypophosphatemia
Renal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, & tumor lysis syndrome; causative factors.
Should avoid foods high in phosphates; fish, eggs, milk products, vegetables, whole
grains, & carbonated beverages. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyperphosphatemia
Vomiting, diarrhea, conditions that increased respiration's or increased urinary output,
insufficient intravenous fluid replacement, draining fistulas, presence of ileostomy or
colostomy. Diuretics, & gastrointestinal suctioning. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Causes of a
fluid volume deficit
Decreased kidney function, heart failure, hypotonic fluids to replace isotonic fluid losses,
excessive irrigation of wounds & body cavities, & excessive ingestion of sodium. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Causes of overhydration or fluid overload:
Trauma, burns, sepsis, or metabolic or respiratory acidosis. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hyperkalemia causes:
Cushing's syndrome or colitis & over use of laxatives. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Hypokalemia causes:
Decreased pH & decreased HCO3. Occurs in kidney disease; diabetic ketoacidosis;
high fat diet; insufficient metabolism of carbohydrates; malnutrition; ingestion of toxins,
such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); malnutrition; severe diarrhea. Intestinal secretion
high in bicarbonate & may be lost through enteric drainage tubes, an ileostomy, or
diarrhea. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Metabolic acidotic
Nausea & vomiting. Loss of gastric acid, cause pH & HCO3 to increase. Symptoms
experienced would include hypoventilation & tachycardia. -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased pH and an increased CO2. Hypoventalation & COPD -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Respiratory acidotic
Increased pH & decreased CO2. Hyperventalation, Lethargy, lightheadedness,
confusion, tachycardia, dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia, nausea, vomiting,
epigastric pain, numbness & tingling of extremities. Hyperventilation (tachypnea)
occurs. - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Respiratory alkalotic
Sample for PT & INR level to determine anticoagulation status & risk for bleeding -
✔✔ANSWER✔✔>>Warfarin (Coumadin)
