MCB6424 Probiotics Exam 2
With Complete Solution
Immunity - ANSWER General host resistance to a given disease/infection
Immunology - ANSWER Study of the immune responses
Nonspecific immune response - ANSWER Innate; first line of defense with
resistance to any foreign material has no memory
Specific immune response - ANSWER Acquired/adaptive; the resistance is to
a particular antigen; memory is present to result in quicker/effective result
following second exposure
Antigen - ANSWER A foreign substance that elicits an immune response; an
ANTIbody GENerator
Hematopoiesis - ANSWER The production of WBCs within the bone marrow;
all WBCs that mature in the bone marrow join the innate immune system
while all WBCs that mature outside of the bone marrow join the adaptive
immune system
Erythrocytes - ANSWER The most numerous cell found in the blood
Neutrophils ANSWER most abundant WBC 60%; highly phagocytic-use
granules of lytic enzymes to kill ingested pathogens
Lymphocytes ANSWER 30% of WBCs; differentiate into T-cells, B-cells, and
NK cells
Monocytes ANSWER 6% of WBCs; phagocytic; after 8 hrs of circulation,
,mature into macrophages upon arrival to specific tissues
Eosinophils ANSWER 3% of WBCs; are important in fighting parasitic
infections
Basophils - ANSWER 1% of WBCs; are important in inflammation
Dendritic cells - ANSWER Present in small numbers as "guards" of the
immune system all over the body; phagocytic; APCs
B-cells - ANSWER Mature in the bone marrow; differentiate into plasma cells
(which produce antibodies) or memory cells upon activation by an antigen
T-cells - ANSWER Mature in the thymus; differentiate into helper T-cells,
CTLs, or memory cells upon activation by an antigen; produce cytokines
Natural killer cells - ANSWER Non-phagocytic granular lymphocytes; kill any
cell that does not have a normal MHC-I receptor; can bind to antibodies and
lyse pathogens via ADCC
Thymus and bone marrow - ANSWER Primary lymphoid organs; places where
lymphocytes mature and differentiate
Lymph nodes and spleen - ANSWER Secondary lymphoid organs; places
where lymphocytes may encounter/bind to antigens
Non-opsonic (opsonin-independent) - ANSWER The type of phagocytosis in
which phagocytes bind to various parts of a pathogen (PAMPs, RGD, lectin
from flagella)
Opsonic (opsonin-dependent) - ANSWER The type of phagocytosis in which
phagocytes directly bind to opsonins coating a pathogen, making it easier to
ingest
, True - ANSWER T/F: PAMPs/MAMPs are unique to microbes and are not
found in the host
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - ANSWER A signaling receptor that binds to
unique PAMPs of bacteria/viruses
Respiratory burst - ANSWER A reaction that occurs immediately after
phagocytosis in which the phagosome produces toxic oxygen products that
can kill the ingested pathogen
Antigen presentation- ANSWER the process by which APCs use the ingested
antigen is moved from the phagolysosome → ER → cell membrane → bound
to the outside for recognition; links the innate and adaptive immune
response
Inflammation- ANSWER a nonspecific response to tissue injury; characterized
by redness, warmth, pain, and swelling of the tissue
Paneth cells- ANSWER cells in the GI tract that product lysozyme and cryptins
Complement - ANSWER 30+ serum proteins that assist the immune system in
fighting infection and eliminating waste
Opsonization - ANSWER the coating of microbes by serum proteins
(opsonins) in preparation for recognition/ ingestion by phagocytes
Cytokines - ANSWER Small soluble proteins, acting as intercellular signaling
molecules, induced by inflammation or interactions between T-lymphocytes
Interferons (IFNs) - ANSWER A type of cytokine produced in response to viral
infections (prevent viral replication/assembly once inside an infected cell)
Fever - ANSWER Caused by the production of pyrogens, IL-1, and IL-6; occurs
With Complete Solution
Immunity - ANSWER General host resistance to a given disease/infection
Immunology - ANSWER Study of the immune responses
Nonspecific immune response - ANSWER Innate; first line of defense with
resistance to any foreign material has no memory
Specific immune response - ANSWER Acquired/adaptive; the resistance is to
a particular antigen; memory is present to result in quicker/effective result
following second exposure
Antigen - ANSWER A foreign substance that elicits an immune response; an
ANTIbody GENerator
Hematopoiesis - ANSWER The production of WBCs within the bone marrow;
all WBCs that mature in the bone marrow join the innate immune system
while all WBCs that mature outside of the bone marrow join the adaptive
immune system
Erythrocytes - ANSWER The most numerous cell found in the blood
Neutrophils ANSWER most abundant WBC 60%; highly phagocytic-use
granules of lytic enzymes to kill ingested pathogens
Lymphocytes ANSWER 30% of WBCs; differentiate into T-cells, B-cells, and
NK cells
Monocytes ANSWER 6% of WBCs; phagocytic; after 8 hrs of circulation,
,mature into macrophages upon arrival to specific tissues
Eosinophils ANSWER 3% of WBCs; are important in fighting parasitic
infections
Basophils - ANSWER 1% of WBCs; are important in inflammation
Dendritic cells - ANSWER Present in small numbers as "guards" of the
immune system all over the body; phagocytic; APCs
B-cells - ANSWER Mature in the bone marrow; differentiate into plasma cells
(which produce antibodies) or memory cells upon activation by an antigen
T-cells - ANSWER Mature in the thymus; differentiate into helper T-cells,
CTLs, or memory cells upon activation by an antigen; produce cytokines
Natural killer cells - ANSWER Non-phagocytic granular lymphocytes; kill any
cell that does not have a normal MHC-I receptor; can bind to antibodies and
lyse pathogens via ADCC
Thymus and bone marrow - ANSWER Primary lymphoid organs; places where
lymphocytes mature and differentiate
Lymph nodes and spleen - ANSWER Secondary lymphoid organs; places
where lymphocytes may encounter/bind to antigens
Non-opsonic (opsonin-independent) - ANSWER The type of phagocytosis in
which phagocytes bind to various parts of a pathogen (PAMPs, RGD, lectin
from flagella)
Opsonic (opsonin-dependent) - ANSWER The type of phagocytosis in which
phagocytes directly bind to opsonins coating a pathogen, making it easier to
ingest
, True - ANSWER T/F: PAMPs/MAMPs are unique to microbes and are not
found in the host
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - ANSWER A signaling receptor that binds to
unique PAMPs of bacteria/viruses
Respiratory burst - ANSWER A reaction that occurs immediately after
phagocytosis in which the phagosome produces toxic oxygen products that
can kill the ingested pathogen
Antigen presentation- ANSWER the process by which APCs use the ingested
antigen is moved from the phagolysosome → ER → cell membrane → bound
to the outside for recognition; links the innate and adaptive immune
response
Inflammation- ANSWER a nonspecific response to tissue injury; characterized
by redness, warmth, pain, and swelling of the tissue
Paneth cells- ANSWER cells in the GI tract that product lysozyme and cryptins
Complement - ANSWER 30+ serum proteins that assist the immune system in
fighting infection and eliminating waste
Opsonization - ANSWER the coating of microbes by serum proteins
(opsonins) in preparation for recognition/ ingestion by phagocytes
Cytokines - ANSWER Small soluble proteins, acting as intercellular signaling
molecules, induced by inflammation or interactions between T-lymphocytes
Interferons (IFNs) - ANSWER A type of cytokine produced in response to viral
infections (prevent viral replication/assembly once inside an infected cell)
Fever - ANSWER Caused by the production of pyrogens, IL-1, and IL-6; occurs
