DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH & RESEARCH Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist Fourth Edition

DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH & RESEARCH Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist Fourth Edition Brief Contents UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH  1 UNIT III DENTAL HYGIENE RESEARCH  179 1 Dental Public Health: An Overview  2 14 Research in Dental Hygiene  180 2 The Prevention Movement  17 15 Ethical Principles in Research  187 3 Dental Care Delivery in the United States  34 16 The Research Process  195 4 Dental Hygiene Care Delivery in the Global Community 47 17 Biostatistics 210 5 Financing of Dental Care  65 6 Federal and State Legislation Affecting Dental Hygiene Practice  82 7 Advocacy for Dental Care  92 UNIT II 18 Oral Epidemiology  233 19 Current Oral Epidemiological Findings  263 20 Evaluation of Scientific Literature and Dental Products 283 UNIT DENTAL HYGIENE PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS  107 8 Dental Health Education and Promotion  108 IV PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH  293 21 Careers in Dental Public Health  294 9 Lesson Plan Development  119 22 Strategies for Creating Dental Hygiene Positions in Dental Public Health Settings  302 10 Target Populations  130 23 Dental Public Health Review  310 11 Cultural Competency  144 12 Program Planning  154 13 Program Evaluation  164 A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 5 16/11/15 10:57 AM This page intentionally left blank A01_BEEB3820_06_SE_FM.indd 4 09/01/15 3:49 pm Contents Foreword xi Preface  xiii Acknowledgments  xiv Reviewers  xv UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH 1 1 Dental Public Health: An Overview  2 Public Health Defined  3 Historical Perspective of Public Health  6 Dental Public Health Defined  7 Factors Affecting Dental Public Health  10 2 The Prevention Movement  17 Historical Development  18 Evolution of Organized Dental Hygiene  20 Dental Health Preventive Modalities  22 3 Dental Care Delivery in the United States  34 Delivery of Dental Care in the United States  35 Federal Structure of Dental Public Health  35 Structure of State Dental Public Health  41 Dental Health Care Workforce  41 4 Dental Hygiene Care Delivery in the Global Community 47 Access to Information on Global Oral Health Needs 48 International Dental Hygiene  50 Current Status of Dental Hygiene Education  53 Professional Regulation  54 Movement Toward Autonomy  55 Challenges to the Profession  57 Successful Public Health Initiatives Involving Dental Hygienists 59 Future of Dental Hygiene Worldwide  61 Key International Organizations  62 5 Financing of Dental Care  65 Payment Methods  70 Insurance Plans  71 Dental Provider Billing  71 Governmental Roles in Funding Dental Care  75 6 Federal and State Legislation Affecting Dental Hygiene Practice  82 Historical Perspective of Practice Issues  83 State Government Overview  85 State Laws and Their Passage  86 State Dental Boards  87 Supervision of Dental Hygienists  88 7 Advocacy for Dental Care  92 Understanding Change and its Agents  93 Making Governmental Policy  99 Working in Collaboration and Through Partnerships 101 Building Coalitions  102 Professional Collaborations in Practice  103 Writing Grants  104 UNIT II DENTAL HYGIENE PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 107 8 Dental Health Education and Promotion  108 Principles of Health  109 Health Education and Motivation Theories  110 9 Lesson Plan Development  119 Dental Hygiene Process of Care  120 Assessment 121 Dental Hygiene Diagnosis  121 Planning 121 Implementation 126 Evaluation 127 Documentation 127   vii A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 7 16/11/15 10:57 AM viii CONTENTS 10 Target Populations  130 Target Populations  131 Target Population Profiles  139 Faith-Based Initiatives  140 Barriers to Dental Care  141 11 Cultural Competency  144 Cultural Diversity in the United States  146 Culture Issues in Health Care  147 Cultural Competency and Dental Hygienists  148 Statistical Decision Making  221 Inferential Statistics  224 Interpretation of Data and Research Results  226 18 Oral Epidemiology  233 Epidemiology Defined  234 What Is Oral Epidemiology?  235 The Multifactorial Nature Of Disease  235 Measurement In Epidemiology  235 Oral Epidemiology Surveillance and Reports  239 Concepts of Epidemiologic Studies  249 Validity of Epidemiologic Studies  254 12 Program Planning  154 Common Dental Health Program Planning Paradigms 155 Dental Hygiene Public Health Programs  157 Dental Hygiene Public Health Program Planning Paradigm 161 19 Current Oral Epidemiological Findings  263 The Epidemiology of Oral Diseases and Conditions 264 Prevention by Dental Care Utilization 277 13 Program Evaluation  164 Evaluation Techniques  165 20 Evaluation of Scientific Literature and Dental Products 283 Dental Indexes  166 Governmental Evaluation Of Oral Health  175 UNIT III DENTAL HYGIENE RESEARCH  179 14 Research in Dental Hygiene  180 Research and Dental Public Health  181 Historical Aspects of Research in Dental Hygiene  183 Dental Hygiene: A Developing Discipline  184 15 Ethical Principles in Research  187 Ethical Considerations in Research  188 Research Roles of Government and Private Entities 192 16 The Research Process  195 Historical Approach  199 Descriptive Approach  199 Retrospective (Ex Post Facto) Approach  201 Experimental (Prospective) Approach  201 Quasi-Experimental Approach  204 17 Biostatistics 210 Data Categorization  212 Descriptive Statistics  213 Graphing Data  216 Correlation 220 A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 8 Regulation of Dental Care Products  284 Research Sources for Dental Care Products  285 Evaluation of Advertisements  286 Evaluation of Scientific Literature  288 Data Sources and Publications  290 UNIT IV PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH  293 21 Careers in Dental Public Health  294 Federal/National Public Health Career Opportunities 295 Independent Contractors  298 Dental Staffing Agency Employee  298 Health Systems Opportunities  298 Student Dental Public Health Opportunities  299 State Opportunities  300 Local Opportunities  300 International Opportunities  301 22 Strategies for Creating Dental Hygiene Positions in Dental Public Health Settings  302 Legislative Perspective  303 Proposed Plan for Action  303 Documentation and Practice Management  307 Proposal Development and Presentation  307 Dental Hygiene Consultation and Policies  307 16/11/15 10:57 AM CONTENTS ix  23 Dental Public Health Review  310 Study Guide  312 Sample Questions  314 C Dental Terms and Phrases Translated into Spanish and Vietnamese with Spanish Pronunciation Guide A-4 D Standards for Dental Hygienists in Dental Public Health Education  A-6 APPENDICES E Guide to Scientific Writing  A-7 A Table Clinic Presentation  A-1 F Answers to Self-Study Test Items  A-8 B Poster Session Preparation  A-3 Glossary G-1 Index I-1 A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 9 16/11/15 10:57 AM This page intentionally left blank A01_BEEB3820_06_SE_FM.indd 4 09/01/15 3:49 pm Foreword When Alfred Civilion Fones followed his dream to create within the dental staff a dental therapist whose focus would be the prevention of dental disease, his intention was not merely to have this person perform in dental offices. He recognized from the start that the most effective way to ”spread the word” was to provide direct services, educational and clinical, to groups of people—to the masses. Ideally, those groups would be composed of children who would be taught at an early age the importance of dental health and prevention of dental disease. Where better to interface with children than in grammar schools? And so in time, what was known as the Bridgeport, Connecticut, School Dental Hygiene Corps was established, composed of members of Dr. Fones’ classes of 1914, 1915, and 1916. Ergo the first dental hygiene public health program. I will fast-forward to the early 1950s when thirtythree young women and I were enrolled at the University of Bridgeport’s Fones School of Dental Hygiene. As part of our fieldwork rotation, we traveled to longestablished dental clinics throughout the city’s schools. I remember being extremely fond of that assignment because I liked interacting with the children. But the real thrill of those trips was coming face-to-face with members of those first classes who were still in charge of the various clinics. These women knew Dr. Fones personally. During lunch hours, they had a captive audience and would relate to us how it all began: the first school in the carriage house adjacent to Dr. Fones’ and his father’s dental building; his perseverance and determination in convincing city fathers, the board of education, and the dental society to allow the early dental hygienists to conduct programs within the schools. I know how proud and delighted they would be— Dr. Fones and “the pioneers”—to see how dental hygienists have positioned themselves today in various public health settings, and how impressed they would be with Christine Nathe’s Dental Public Health and Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist. It is a remarkable testimony to the premise that public health dental hygienists have the ability to play a valuable and critical role in the dental health of people everywhere. Janet Carroll Memoli, RDH, MS Retired Director, Fones School of Dental Hygiene Professor Emeritus, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT   xi A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 11 16/11/15 10:57 AM This page intentionally left blank A01_BEEB3820_06_SE_FM.indd 4 09/01/15 3:49 pm Preface The guiding principles that served as the impetus for the first three editions of Dental Public Health and Research remain consistent with an added emphasis on the dental hygienist’s understanding of research principles. The twenty-first century mandates a change in the practice and understanding of dental public health concepts. The dental hygiene practitioners who will be practicing in this century need information on how to effectively practice and conduct dental hygiene research in the dental public health setting. The fourth edition expands on public health science from its inception and further explains the essence of dental public health. The chapter on dental care funding is expanded to focus on the current issues in dental care financing and the government’s role in this area. Moreover, a chapter on the importance of collaboration in dental care, building coalitions to help advocate for the oral health of all people, and an introductory discussion on grant writing are included. The second unit focuses on learning theories, populations, and programs. The cultural diversity chapter emphasizes the effect culture has on dental health, and the chapter on target populations has been expanded and diversified. This focus is necessary in a public health book because it helps future providers understand how cultures, populations, and health relate. The program planning chapter is significantly updated and expanded with regard to benchmarks and effective programs presently in place. The research unit is greatly expanded to provide detailed information on the study of dental hygiene research. The focus of this unit is to comprehensively discuss the reasons research is necessary in dental hygiene and how research impacts the practicing dental hygienist. Areas of expansion include discussions on the pivotal role research plays in dental hygiene, ethics in research, evidenced-based principles of practice, the roles of government and private entities in dental research, oral epidemiology, and the measurement of oral diseases and conditions. Expansion of this unit should help colleges that teach research within the community dental/public health courses. Additionally, this unit may be useful in conjunction with other materials in stand-alone research courses. Teaching and Learning Package Follow this URL and select Dental Hygiene as your discipline. Click on this title to view extra practice questions and information for students to use outside of class to test their knowledge or for additional review of topics covered in each chapter. Instructor’s Resource Manual The Instructor’s Resource Manual contains a wealth of material to help faculty plan and manage their course. This manual includes: • A test bank of more than 550 questions • Discussion items to provide ideas for classroom discussion • Laboratory or field experiences with process evaluations for student and faculty member use • Laboratory exercises This Instructor’s Resource Manual is available for download from from the Instructor’s Resource Center. Instructors should register at the site to obtain a username and password. Instructor Resources Additional instructor resources are available at . These include the complete test bank that allows instructors to design customized quizzes and exams. The TestGen wizard guides instructors through the steps in creating a simple test with drag-anddrop or point-and-click transfer. Faculty members can select test questions either manually or randomly and use online spell checking and other tools to quickly polish the test content and presentation. The question formats include multiple choice, fill in the blank, true/false, and essay. Tests can be saved in a variety of formats both locally and on a network, organized in as many as twentyfive variations of a single test, and published in an online format. For more information, please visit Ad d i t i o n a l s t u d e n t re s o u rc e s c a n b e f o u n d a t   xiii A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 13 16/11/15 10:57 AM Acknowledgments The author wishes to acknowledge the contributing authors for their work to enhance the fourth edition. Important academic support was provided by Demetra Logothetis, Professor Emeritus, and Cynthia Guillen, Supervisor, Administrative Support, Division of Dental Hygiene, University of New Mexico. And, of course, editorial support and advice from John Goucher, Executive Editor, and Nicole Ragonese, Program Manager, Pearson. Also, the copyeditor, Michael Rossa, and Susan McNally, the production editor at Cenveo® Publisher Services. The book would not be possible without support from these individuals. xiv A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 14 16/11/15 10:57 AM Reviewers Susan Barnard, DHSc, RDH Bergen Community College Paramus, NJ Beverly Hardee, RDH Cape Fear Community College Wilmington, NC Julie Bencosme, RDH Hostos Community College Bronx, NY Joanna Harris, RDH, MSDH Clayton State University Morrow, GA Peg Boyce, RDH, MA Parkland College Champaign, IL Joyce Hudson, RDH, MS Ivy Tech Community College Anderson, IN April Catlett, RDH, BHSA, MDH, PhD Central Georgia Technical College Macon, GA Mindy Jay, RDH, AAS, BHS, Med Pensacola State College Pensacola, FL Kathy Conrad, RDH, BS Columbia Basin College Pasco, WA Susan Kass, EdD Miami Dade College Miami, FL Brenda Fisher, RDH, BSDH AB Tech Community College Asheville, NC Amy Krueger, CRDH, BSDH, MS St. Petersburg College St. Petersburg, FL   xv A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 15 16/11/15 10:57 AM xvi REVIEWERS Previous Editions Sheila Bannister, Vermont Technical College Jamar M. Jackson, Hostos Community College Eugenia B. Bearden, Clayton College and State University Dental Public Health: An Overview 2 Public Health Defined 3 Historical Perspective of Public Health 6 Dental Public Health Defined 7 Factors Affecting Dental Public Health 10 2 The Prevention Movement 17 Historical Development 18 Evolution of Organized Dental Hygiene 20 Dental Health Preventive Modalities 22 3 Dental Care Delivery in the United States 34 Delivery of Dental Care in the United States 35 Federal Structure of Dental Public Health 35 Structure of State Dental Public Health 41 Dental Health Care Workforce 41 4 Dental Hygiene Care Delivery in the Global Community 47 Access to Information on Global Oral Health Needs 48 International Dental Hygiene 50 Current Status of Dental Hygiene Education 53 Professional Regulation 54 Movement Toward Autonomy 55 Challenges to the Profession 57 Successful Public Health Initiatives Involving Dental Hygienists 59 Future of Dental Hygiene Worldwide 61 Key International Organizations 62 Contents 5 Financing of Dental Care 65 Payment Methods 70 Insurance Plans 71 Dental Provider Billing 71 Governmental Roles in Funding Dental Care 75 6 Federal and State Legislation Affecting Dental Hygiene Practice 82 Historical Perspective of Practice Issues 83 State Government Overview 85 State Laws and Their Passage 86 State Dental Boards 87 Supervision of Dental Hygienists 88 7 Advocacy for Dental Care 92 Understanding Change and its Agents 93 Making Governmental Policy 99 Working in Collaboration and Through Partnerships 101 Building Coalitions 102 Professional Collaborations in Practice 103 Writing Grants 104 DENTAL HYGIENE PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS 107 8 Dental Health Education and Promotion 108 Principles of Health 109 Health Education and Motivation Theories 110 9 Lesson Plan Development 119 Dental Hygiene Process of Care 120 Assessment 121 Dental Hygiene Diagnosis 121 Planning 121 Implementation 126 Evaluation 127 Documentation 127 UNIT I UNIT II A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 7 16/11/15 10:57 AM viii CONTENTS 10 Target Populations 130 Target Populations 131 Target Population Profiles 139 Faith-Based Initiatives 140 Barriers to Dental Care 141 11 Cultural Competency 144 Cultural Diversity in the United States 146 Culture Issues in Health Care 147 Cultural Competency and Dental Hygienists 148 12 Program Planning 154 Common Dental Health Program Planning Paradigms 155 Dental Hygiene Public Health Programs 157 Dental Hygiene Public Health Program Planning Paradigm 161 13 Program Evaluation 164 Evaluation Techniques 165 Dental Indexes 166 Governmental Evaluation Of Oral Health 175 DENTAL HYGIENE RESEARCH 179 14 Research in Dental Hygiene 180 Research and Dental Public Health 181 Historical Aspects of Research in Dental Hygiene 183 Dental Hygiene: A Developing Discipline 184 15 Ethical Principles in Research 187 Ethical Considerations in Research 188 Research Roles of Government and Private Entities 192 16 The Research Process 195 Historical Approach 199 Descriptive Approach 199 Retrospective (Ex Post Facto) Approach 201 Experimental (Prospective) Approach 201 Quasi-Experimental Approach 204 17 Biostatistics 210 Data Categorization 212 Descriptive Statistics 213 Graphing Data 216 Correlation 220 UNIT III UNIT IV Statistical Decision Making 221 Inferential Statistics 224 Interpretation of Data and Research Results 226 18 Oral Epidemiology 233 Epidemiology Defined 234 What Is Oral Epidemiology? 235 The Multifactorial Nature Of Disease 235 Measurement In Epidemiology 235 Oral Epidemiology Surveillance and Reports 239 Concepts of Epidemiologic Studies 249 Validity of Epidemiologic Studies 254 19 Current Oral Epidemiological Findings 263 The Epidemiology of Oral Diseases and Conditions 264 Prevention by Dental Care Utilization 277 20 Evaluation of Scientific Literature and Dental Products 283 Regulation of Dental Care Products 284 Research Sources for Dental Care Products 285 Evaluation of Advertisements 286 Evaluation of Scientific Literature 288 Data Sources and Publications 290 PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH 293 21 Careers in Dental Public Health 294 Federal/National Public Health Career Opportunities 295 Independent Contractors 298 Dental Staffing Agency Employee 298 Health Systems Opportunities 298 Student Dental Public Health Opportunities 299 State Opportunities 300 Local Opportunities 300 International Opportunities 301 22 Strategies for Creating Dental Hygiene Positions in Dental Public Health Settings 302 Legislative Perspective 303 Proposed Plan for Action 303 Documentation and Practice Management 307 Proposal Development and Presentation 307 Dental Hygiene Consultation and Policies 307 A01_NATH5460_04_SE_FM_ 8 16/11/15 10:57 AM CONTENTS ix 23 Dental Public Health Review 310 Study Guide 312 Sample Questions 314 APPENDICES A Table Clinic Presentation A-1 B Poster Session Preparation A-3 C Dental Terms and Phrases Translated into Spanish and Vietnamese with Spanish Pronunciation Guide A-4 D Standards for Dental Hygienists in Dental Public Health Education A-6 E Guide to Scientific Writing A-7 F Answers to Self-Study Test Items A-8 Glossary G-