Download this fully solved and updated actual exam for OCR A-Level History - Civil Rights in the USA - African Americans

Emancipation Proclamation - Issued by Abraham Lincoln September 1862 - Declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free - Slaves in loyal states weren't freed Reconstruction President Johnson - The 17th President of the United States - A Southerner form Tennessee, when Lincoln was killed he became president - He aimed to make a quick return to normality - He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Reconstruction Black Codes - President Johnson allowed for their implementation - Restricted the right of African Americans to compete against white Americans to work - Gave states the right to punish vagrants and unemployed former slaves and force them into labour - Allowed those who attacked African Americans to go unpunished Reconstruction Radical Republicans - Led by Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner - They believed blacks played a huge role in US economy - They were helped by Congress to establish the Freedmen's Bureau Reconstruction Freedman's Bureau, 1865 - Set up to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedmen and white refugees following the civil war - Set up two universities - It's 900 agents were subject to intimidation and violence by white Southerners Reconstruction Civil Rights Act 1866 - Should have guaranteed legal equality to blacks - Could be undermined by the South as it "infringed on states' rights" Reconstruction 14th and 15th Amendments 14th - Declared no state could deny any person full rights as an American citizen 15th - Ensured 'the rights of citizens ... shall not be denied or abridged by any State on account of race' Reconstruction Memphis in May 1866 - 46 African Americans were killed in race riots - In New Orleans 35 also died - State officials and police often participated in attacking African Americans Reconstruction After 1877 - The Southern states were allowed to deprive African Americans of their rights - It was not until the 1960s that anything radical was done to help them Role of African Americans Booker T. Washington - "Accommodationist" - Ran the Tuskegee Institute as thought African Americans should establish status "bettering themselves through education" - He was criticized for lack of activism but secretly funded civil rights groups Role of African Americans W.E.B. Du Bois - Founded Niagara Movement and NAACP - Criticized for involvement with whites and failure to relate to working class African Americans - Believed in the Talented Tenth - lead African Americans to social and political equality and integration Role of African Americans Martin Luther King Jr. - Used peaceful / non-violent methods - His main initial aim was political freedom and equality - Washington march of August 1963 - Montgomery Boycott 1955 Role of African Americans Black Panthers - Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966 - Carried weapons openly and formed defense groups against police brutality - Aimed for economic equality, compensation in form of land and housing, separate juries for black people and protection from police intimidation Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Barrier United States v. Harris - 1883 - Ruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional - It decided private discrimination didn't fall under federal jurisdiction Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Barrier Williams v. Mississippi - 1898 - Declared discriminatory voter registration laws which prevented African Americans from voting not unconstitutional - This was due to a lack of specific mention of race in voting qualifications Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Barrier Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896 - Separation was ruled to not imply inferior treatment of people of different race or colour - 'Separate but equal' Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Promoter Smith v. Allwright - 1944 - Ruling that it was unconstitutional for black voters to be excluded from party primary voting Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Promoter Brown v. Topeka - 1954 - Radical decision ruling that segregation was illegal - Started by a group of parents and helped by the NAACP - The leader, Oliver Brown, said his daughter had to walk a mile to a segregated school as opposed to a white school Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Promoter Boynton v. Virginia - 1960 - Confirmed segregation on interstate bus transportation unconstitutional Role of Federal and State Governments Supreme Court - Promoter Griggs v. Duke Power Company - 1971 - Protected African Americans from implicit discrimination by firms who insisted high-school diploma qualifications for jobs which didn't really need them Role of Federal and State Governments Presidents - Barrier Woodrow Wilson - 1913 to 1921 - Believer in white supremacy Role of Federal and State Governments Presidents - Promoter Roosevelt - 1933 to 1945 - New Deal which included aid for black people and white people without official discrimination - Fair Labour Standards Act - Executive Order 8587 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, colour, or creed - Created the Civilian Conservation Corps Role of Federal and State Governments Presidents - Promoter and Barrier Eisenhower - 1952 to 1960 - Executive Order in 1950 state