AS/AL BIOLOGY FULL COURSE

BIOLOGY PART1


Topic 1: Cell Structure

1. Types of Cells:
-Prokaryotic Cells: Simple structure, no nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
-Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, with a nucleus and organelles (e.g., animal and
plant cells).

2.Cell Organelles and Their Functions:
-Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activities.
-Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production.
-Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis site in plant cells.
-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER (protein synthesis), Smooth ER
(lipid synthesis).
-Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
-Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.
-Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
-Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable, controls substance movement in/out.
-Cell Wall (Plant Cells): Provides support and protection.
-Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, aids in movement.
-Vacuole: Storage, waste disposal, growth (large in plant cells).

3. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells:
- Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.
- Animal cells have centrioles and small vacuoles.

,
,
,