Compound – two or more diff. types of atoms that are
CHEMICAL BASIS chemically combined
OF LIFE Dissociation
Basic Chemistry § Separation of ions in an ionic compound by
Chemistry – concerned with atomic composition and polar water molecules
structure of substances and the reactions they undergo
Electrolytes – dissociated ions
Matter, Mass, and Weight
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Chemical Rxns
§ Substances interact either to form or to break
Mass – amount of matter in an object; kilogram chemical bonds
Weight – gravitational force acting on an object Reactants – substances that enter into a chemical
reaction
Elements and Atoms
Element – simplest type of matter having unique Products – substances that result from the chemical rxn
properties
Classification of Chemical Rxns
Atom – smallest particle of an element 1. Synthesis – combination of reactants
2. Decomposition – breakdown of larger reactants
Atomic Structure 3. Exchange – decomposition + synthesis
Neutrons – no electrical charge
Anabolism – synthesis rxns that occur in the body
Protons – positive charges
Catabolism – decomposition rxns that occur in the body
Electrons – negative charges
Metabolism – anabolic + catabolic rxns in the body
Nucleus – formed by protons and neutrons
Reversible Rxns
Electron cloud – where electrons are most likely to be § Reactants can form products, products can form
found reactants
Atomic number – no of protons in each atom Energy and Chemical Rxns
Energy – capacity to do work
Mass number – no. of protons + no. of neutrons
Potential Energy – stored energy
Electrons and Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding – electrons are transferred or shared Kinetic Energy – energy caused by movement
between atoms
Chemical Energy – form of potential energy stored in
Ionic Bond – electrons are transferred chemical bonds
Covalent Bond – electrons are shared Rate of Chemical Rxns (RCTC)
1. Reactants
Polar covalent bond – unequal, asymmetrical sharing of 2. Concentration
electrons 3. Temperature
4. Catalysts (increases the rate of chem rxn without
Polar molecules – molecules with asymmetrical itself being permanently changed or depleted)
electrical charge
Acids and Bases
Nonpolar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons Acid – proton donor
bet. atoms
Base – proton acceptor
Nonpolar molecules – molecules with symmetrical
electrical charge The pH Scale
§ Indicates the H+ concentration of a solution
Hydrogen Bonds Ø Neutral – equal no. of H+ and OH-; pH of 7.0
§ Weak attraction bet the oppositely charged Ø Acidic – H+ > OH-; pH less than 7.0
regions of polar molecules Ø Basic – H+ > OH-; pH greater than 7.0
Molecules and Compounds 7.35 – 7.45 – normal pH range of blood
Molecule – two or more atoms that are chemically
combined Acidosis – blood pH drops beow 7.35
M o r a n o , M . A .
CHEMICAL BASIS chemically combined
OF LIFE Dissociation
Basic Chemistry § Separation of ions in an ionic compound by
Chemistry – concerned with atomic composition and polar water molecules
structure of substances and the reactions they undergo
Electrolytes – dissociated ions
Matter, Mass, and Weight
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Chemical Rxns
§ Substances interact either to form or to break
Mass – amount of matter in an object; kilogram chemical bonds
Weight – gravitational force acting on an object Reactants – substances that enter into a chemical
reaction
Elements and Atoms
Element – simplest type of matter having unique Products – substances that result from the chemical rxn
properties
Classification of Chemical Rxns
Atom – smallest particle of an element 1. Synthesis – combination of reactants
2. Decomposition – breakdown of larger reactants
Atomic Structure 3. Exchange – decomposition + synthesis
Neutrons – no electrical charge
Anabolism – synthesis rxns that occur in the body
Protons – positive charges
Catabolism – decomposition rxns that occur in the body
Electrons – negative charges
Metabolism – anabolic + catabolic rxns in the body
Nucleus – formed by protons and neutrons
Reversible Rxns
Electron cloud – where electrons are most likely to be § Reactants can form products, products can form
found reactants
Atomic number – no of protons in each atom Energy and Chemical Rxns
Energy – capacity to do work
Mass number – no. of protons + no. of neutrons
Potential Energy – stored energy
Electrons and Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding – electrons are transferred or shared Kinetic Energy – energy caused by movement
between atoms
Chemical Energy – form of potential energy stored in
Ionic Bond – electrons are transferred chemical bonds
Covalent Bond – electrons are shared Rate of Chemical Rxns (RCTC)
1. Reactants
Polar covalent bond – unequal, asymmetrical sharing of 2. Concentration
electrons 3. Temperature
4. Catalysts (increases the rate of chem rxn without
Polar molecules – molecules with asymmetrical itself being permanently changed or depleted)
electrical charge
Acids and Bases
Nonpolar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons Acid – proton donor
bet. atoms
Base – proton acceptor
Nonpolar molecules – molecules with symmetrical
electrical charge The pH Scale
§ Indicates the H+ concentration of a solution
Hydrogen Bonds Ø Neutral – equal no. of H+ and OH-; pH of 7.0
§ Weak attraction bet the oppositely charged Ø Acidic – H+ > OH-; pH less than 7.0
regions of polar molecules Ø Basic – H+ > OH-; pH greater than 7.0
Molecules and Compounds 7.35 – 7.45 – normal pH range of blood
Molecule – two or more atoms that are chemically
combined Acidosis – blood pH drops beow 7.35
M o r a n o , M . A .
