GCSE Geography AQA: Human Geography Questions and Answers Graded A+

GCSE Geography AQA: Human Geography Questions and Answers Graded A+ What is urbanisation? The growth of a country's population living In an urban area What percentage of the world are urbanised? More than 50% (3.9 billion) of the world live in urban areas Why does urbanisation vary around the world? It varies between HIC which are more economically developed and LIC which are less economically developed. HIC have been industrialised so people already live in city's. What causes urbanisation? Rural to urban migration AND natural population increase What is rural-urban migration? People moving from areas of country side to city's What is urban-rural urbanisation? Happens mostly in HIC like the uk where people move to escape the city. What is urbanisation like in NEES? Usually increasing urbanisation rates but varies. What are some NEES which ARE urbanising? Brazil, china, Russia, India What is natural increase? Birth rate higher than death rate What are some pull factors to urbanise? - better paid jobs - better health care - better education - reuniting with family - better quality of life What are some push factors of urbanisation? - natural disasters - mechanisation (fewer workers needed) - desertification (ground infertile like desert) - conflict and war causing refugees What are some NEES which ARENT urbanising? Thailand, Nigeria (not as much) What are some examples of HIC? Japan, Germany, USA, UK. What are some examples of LIC? Ethiopia, Nepal, Afghanistan What is the distribution of the worlds urban areas? - more in areas of better environmental state - better political - no war - high income like USA - not low HDI What the megacities? large population over 10 MILLION Where are megacities found? paris, new york, rio, tokyo (london expected by 2020 Why are megacity growing? high rates of urban - rural migration Where is Rio De Jenerio? East coastal town in Brazil in south america. west of the Atlantic ocean near Sao Paulo. What is the land use in Rio De Jenerio? Favelas, national parks and industrial cities what it the north zone used for in Rio De Janeiro? - main industrial and port zone - main airport - low quality housing and favelas - location of Tucula National Park What it the south zone used for in Rio De Janeiro? - only developed after mountain tracks built - contains main tourist hotels - wealthiest district - overlooked by largest favela What it the West zone used for in Rio De Janeiro? - Newly emerging wealthy suburb - Luxury apartments - Main Olympic stadiums - One industrial are surrounded by a poorer area What has recent growth been like in Rio De Jenerio? Recent growth has been large but people haven't been able to get jobs What are some social challenges in Rio De Jenerio? - health - education - water supply - energy What is the extent of health problems in Rio? - life expectancy is 80 in south and 40 in west - only 55% have local health clinic - services for elderly and pregnant are poor What are the extent of education in Rio? - only half the children in Rio continue education past 14 - Many children drop out for trafficking and drugs What are the reasons for bad education in Rio? - lack of schools - teachers aren't payed enough - expensive schools - poor teaching What is the extent of energy issues in Rio? - the city's frequently experience black outs - illegally tapping into the electricity what increased the urgency to get better electricity? the Rio Olympics What extent are the water supply issues? - droughts - 12% of population with no running water - 37% of water supply have bad water/leaks what are the solutions to better health? - local clinics going to favelas - treating disease before it spreads what are the solutions to better education? - building of private university - people volunteering to teach - free sports lessons in Favelas - giving grants to people who cant pay what are the solutions to better energy? - 60km of better power line - new power plant which increases energy by 80% but costs $2 billion what are the solutions to better water supply? - 7 new treatment plants () - 300 km of water pipes so 95% have water - money spent to improve water quality what are the four things which have lead to Rios economic growth? - large population - financial sector - port facilities - industrial areas what are the 4 job types? primary - extracting secondary - marketing/manufacturing Tertiary - providing a service Quaterciary - IT information primary jobs mean... extracting secondary jobs mean... marketing/manufacturing Tertiary jobs mean... providing a service Quaternary jobs mean.. - IT information - Advanced research - Advanced manufacture What are some of the tertiary jobs which people can have in Rio? service industries tourism What are some of the secondary jobs which people can have in Rio? port industries retail and distribution manufacturing construction What are some of the primary jobs which people can have in Rio? steel an oil rigs when did brazils economy hit a deep recession? 2015 What are some economic challenges in Rio De Jenerio? - unemployment - housing what is the solution for Rios economical challenges? education - people can get jobs How is Rio De Jenerio's environment being affected? air pollution water pollution traffic congestion waste pollution what is causing air pollution in Rio? - heavy traffic build up - mist from atlantic mixing with gases what is causing water pollution in rio? - many of the 55 river are heavily polluted - ships empty fuel into the bay - commercial fishing decreased due to pollution what is causing traffic conjestion in rio? - the tunnels connecting the cities - few roads so congested what is causing waste pollution in rio? 50 tonnes of waste entering the bay every year what are the solutions for Rios water pollution? - 12 new sewage works have been built costing $68 - 5km new sewage pipes - ships fined for dumping fuels what are the solutions for Rios waste pollution? - power plants built to convery the rubbish into fuel for 1000 homes what are the solutions for Rios traffic congestion? - expansion of the metro system - new toll roads - making one way coastal roads on rush hour How is the growth of Rio De Jenerios squatter settlements being managed? self help schemes how does self help schemes help? - people building homes and government providing basic services how do site and service schemes help? - paying a small amount for a site and borrowing money in order to stabilize how do local authority schemes help in rio? - improving the temporary accomodaion -$120million was spent in rio on the favela What are some of favela problems in Rio De Jenerio? crime, hunger, dehydration, illness Where do people live in the uk? Very varied but it is mainly urban areas however in recent years have spread out to the rural areas now we are a HIC. Why do people live in city's in the U.K.? - industrialised and port areas - london grew due to royal and political Why do people live in rural areas in the uk? to escsape the busy citys. have enough wealth to live off Where is London? Capital City of UK & England, located in Southeast England what is the population of London? Just over 9 million What is the importance of London? - Capital of England & UK - Traditional major international docks (in the time of the Empire - World famous landmarks (such as Big Ben, Buckingham Palace etc) - Seat of UK Parliament - Centre of one of the World's largest financial sectors (Canary Wharf) - Largest concentrention of universities in Europe (40) what are the location advantages of London? - Channel access through the River Thames - Off the M25, M4 & M1 - All transport runs through the Capital day - Major airports & railway stations linking London to Europe & the rest of the world What are the social opportunities in London ? - lots of tourism so possible easy source of income - ships bring in cargo, easy access. - West End & Pinewood Studios - Canary Wharf - Intergrated public transport (Oyster Card) What are the cultural opportunities in London? - Shoreditch in East End traditionally home to working class then Bangladeshi migrants - Old factories taken over by new industries such as live gigs, fashion shows & art exhibitions which attract young - Bangladeshi migrants moving out = young pros/hipsters paying high rents due to gentrification What are the transportation opportunities in London? - Underground, buses & cycle lanes = can easily reach different parts of the city without relying on What are the entertainment opportunities in London? - London home to many of UK's top musuems/art galleries - Olympic Park Legacy continued with Park still being used for Rugby, West Ham & World Athletics - Oxford & Regent Street home to many of UK's leading designer/department stores = attracts from all over the country ie Harrods - Trendry regions such as Clapham/Shoreditch popular due to vast no of bars & clubs = attract many young pros each week What are the employment opportunities in London? - Most jobs are tertiary - real estates, bankers, lawyers, advertisers etc. Manufacturing ⬇️ rapidly todaards end of industrial revolution when factories moved abroad ️ ⬆️ unemployment ️ to change careers - Regeneration of London Dockland in '81 encouraged financial businesses/banks to relocate ️ Canary Wharf ️ employs +100,000 - Due to West End, London offers many employment opportunities for performing artists What are the environmental challenges in London? - building derelict leading to urban sprawl - new housing on edges causing pollution - dereliction leads to grafiti - only building on brownfield sites What are the environmental solutions in London? - waste coping strategies - land fills - recycling teaching - reducing waste by 15% - now european green capital 2015 what is the intergrated transport system in London? Transport London - Rail, Underground & Bus all linked, can be accessed by Oyster Cards What is the social inequality in London (Newham) ? - 1/3 are on low income in filwood compared to the central areas - in filwood their are 13000 crimes - 30% children with high grades - high cancer rate what is the social inequality in Bristol (Kensington)? - highest car ownership in the country - less than 300 crimes a year - life expectancy is 83 - 3 higher than birstols average - 95% of children getting high grades of gcse how do they reduce urban sprawl in bristol? - building on brownfield sites What is the Newham regeneration? For the 2012 Olympics, a rundown industrial area of Newham was knocked down and the Queen Elizabeth II Olympic Park was constructed, along with a massive new Shopping Centre and environmentally friendly housing Why was Newham regenerated? - very run down - to improve London's chance of securing the Olympic bid - To tackle East/West London divide what was it like before regeneration? - Derelict factories - Contaminated water supply - terraced housing was the temple quarter regeneration economically beneficial? - added value to the area, more incentive for business -low rend for buildings - 4000 new jobs was the Olympic Park regeneration socailly beneficial? - Redevloped station improved access to the area - The park contained habitats for birdwatchers and playgrounds for children to play in - Shopping Centre provided locals with access to high-range shops such as M&S Was the Olympic Park regeneration enviromentally beneficial? - Decontaminated river no longer polluting - Attracted wildlife - Houses energy sufficient - used solar panels etc what is a run down area? brown field site What does sustainability mean? Living now do that futures people's lives aren't restricted. What is development? The standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants. What are it different factors used to measure development? How much money (GNI) and others to do with humans well being and lifestyle (HDI) What does HDI mean? Human Development Index What does GNI mean? Gross national income (total national income) How useful are the different measures of development? HDI - good overall but complicated GNI - excludes really poor and isn't very inclusive What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition scale? 1. Fluctuating death rate and birth rate at high levels calling low population 2. Rapidly decreasing death rate and a steady high birth rate causing increasing population size 3. Death rate then slowly falls and birth rate rapidly falls causing pop increase 4. Population and death rate slowly falling What stages are HIC in? Stage 4/5 What stages are LIC in? Stages 1/2 What stages are NEES in? Stage 3 What does the demographic transition scale tell us about development? It shows how population affects the rate of urbanisation and development What does a population pyramid show? The ages of the population, birthrate and amount of deaths/how many people die at what age. life expectancy. What are population pyramids useful for? seeing the comparison of two populations or 2 groups within a population How do population pyramids link to demographic transition scale? you can see from the DTS the size of the population. from this we can see what it would like like in more detail on the population pyramid What are the historical causes of development? - colonisation What are the physical (geographical and enviromental) causes for uneven development? - poor climate (enviromental) - poor Farming land (enviromental) - few raw materials (geographical) - lots of natural disasters (geographical) - land locked so lack of trade (geographical) - inadequate supplies (geographical) What are some economical causes of development? - conflict - poor trade links - lots of debt - primary goods - don't make as much money What is the relationship between wealth and health? Wealth causes people to afford health care. Bad health means people can't work so no wealth. What are the different types of migration? International migration - looking for better pic jobs What is the impact of malaria on LIC? they cannot pay for a cure and eventually it can kill more people. how many people are killed due to malaria? 3.3 billion people affected. one million deaths. 250 million cases a year. How does investment by TNC(FDI) reduce the development gap? TNC s but infrastructure, property and produce which provides money for LICS. what are the solutions to malaria? long lasting fly nets and vaccinations How does industrual development in TNC's reduce the development gap? Developingg industry increases GNI so therefore money and be reinvested. What are the advantages of TNCS in Lics? - jobs created - more reliable income - new technology brought in - infrastructure such as roads built by company's What are the disadvantages of TNC's in LICS? - employees payed less than in HICS - employees in LICS have to work longer - money made is shipped to HIC - jobs aren't too secure as of relocation. How does the government reduce the development gap? Richer governments give money to international organisations such as the world bank which distributes the money How does tourism reduce the development gap? Using the natural beauty to attract foreigners bringing in money to the country rather than the same money circulating. What are some examples of aid? money, kits, food, help, building supplies what is the goat aid? advantages and disadvantages? goat aid is the giving of goats to make food to sell and consume. goats can reproduce but can also die and get ill. what is UK aid? advantages and disadvantages? UK aid is the giving of money from the UK to another country. it is long term but not self sufficient. what is irrigation aid? advantages and disadvantages? it is the helping to improve farms. it means crops can grow faster and is self sufficient but takes a lot of effort. What are some examples of trade? fair trade, shipping. we give more money. more sustainable. What is debt relief? Allowing a country to not have to pay back their debts as long as they reinvest the money into the country How does debt relief reduce the development gap? Letting hem not pay back in return for them to reinvest money into country allows the growth to start. How does micro finance reduce he development gap? Small loans for family's allows them to start to building business' and gaining money freetrade = - richer countries give quotas (amounts which can be traded) and tariffs (prices for trading) which excludes the poorer counties. - poorer countires form trading groups with none of the above. fair trade= - farmers getting a good price, all the money, community development. the farmer MUST be environmentally friendly in return What does NGO stand for? Non Government Organisation What does LIC stand for? low income country What does HIC stand for? High income country What does TNC stand for? TRANS NATIONAL CORPORATION (e.g., Walmart and Sony) What does FDI stand for? Foreign Direct Investment Challenges with squatter settlements - Construction - Poorly constructed and built illegally with iron, - - broken bricks and plastic sheets - Many favelas built on steep slopes - heavy - - rainfall can cause landslides - Limited access Challenges with squatter settlements - Unemployment - Rates of unemployment at 20% - Poorly and irregularly paid work - Average income less than £75 a month Challenges with squatter settlements - Crime - High murder rate of 20 per 1000 - Drugs and gangs - Many inhabitants distrust the police due to their violence and corruption Challenges with squatter settlements - Health o Population density of 37000 per km o Infant mortality rate = 50 per 1000 o Waste isn't disposed of causing disease o Burning rubbish sets fire to houses and smoke is harmful Challenges with squatter settlements - services - 12% homes have no water - 30% have no electricity - 50% have no sewage connections - Many homes use illegal connections - Sewers are open drains - Drinking water is hard to fetch positives of globalisation? - UK economy grows due to more trade with the rest of the world - Cheaper goods and services as the places where they are made, the people earn lower wages than the UK - Foreign investment bringing new jobs into the UK - UK now can specialise in High value production - workers in the UK earn more money negatives of globalisation? - Less manufacturing means factories close and jobs are lost - Outsourcing jobs that used to be done in the UK and now are done elsewhere. - Migration fill jobs as we have a shortage of skilled workers. We have to provide for them as well as us - The gap between high paid and low paid is increasing what is the population of Jamaica? - Population of 2.7 million. what is the economy of Nigeria made up of? Economy is based upon minerals (bauxite and oil), agricultural products (sugar and rum) and some manufacturing what is the income of jamaica? Has a upper middle-income country what have been some set backs in jamaicas develpoment? Has suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment for a long time where is jamaica? One of the largest islands in the West Indies. how has toursism affected Jamaica? - A growing sector of the economy - Become a popular tourist destination due to the beautiful beaches, warm sunny climate and rich cultural heritage - Good international air communications and is a hub for cruises - Generates taxes - Helped reduce the development gap - Income from tourism is US$2 billion each year how has tourism effected jamaica's environment? Creates environmental issues such as footpath erosion, waste and other emissions but also benefits of conservation and landscaping projects. A new treatment plant at logwood to reduce pollution from hotels. Trying to promote ecotourism in isolated regions of the island how has tourism effected jamaicas quality of life? - Northern tourist areas of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios wealthy Jamaicans live in high standard housing. However large amounts of people live nearby in poor housing with limited food and inadequate resources. how has tourism effected jamaicas infrastructure? - Tourism has led to high investment on the north coast. A new port, accommodation and transport facilities such as roads and airports how has tourism effected jamaicas employment? - 200,000 jobs provides for. Directly in hotels, transport, tourist attractions, shops, manufacturing and banking Science parks - - An area where many different science companies and labs work closely together and with universities in one site - They are very important as they have made many advances in science, Business parks -. - An area where business work close together to share resources etc advantages for the location of cambridge science park? strong links to south hampton university, transport links (m3 water and air), great fasciities, green surrounding what does cambridge science park do? research into gamma ray technology, optical fibres, lighting produces and sustainable waste systems why cambridge science park IS sustainable? - Recycling facilities - Car sharing database for easy car sharing and bus serving - They are developing sustainable technologies - Natural surrounding habitats - Buildings designed to maximise natural light - Water efficient toilets why cambridge science park ISN'T sustainable? - 3800 workers traveling to work causing traffic congestions - The park was built on a greenfield farmland - Only offers high skilled jobs which isn't suitable for everyone High speed 2 - plans for fast trains to link London and Manchester and Manchester to leads. Work starts in 2017 until 2032, 250mph Positive - Will cut journey time and get people there faster (social) Negative - Destroy country side to make (environmental) - Very expensive (economic) South west super highway - £2 billion road widening project for the next 15 years to Plymouth and further Positive - Creates hundreds of construction jobs (economically) - Makes travelling to the south west so much quicker (social) Negative - Heavy traffic in construction and after (environmental) - Constant noise (social What is the Cross rail - new lines in and around London and south east. Links reading to Heathrow and Sheffield. 21km tunnel Advantages - - 1.5 million people can get to London (economic) - Increasing rail capacity (economic) - Encourages regeneration (environmental) - Employment opportunities (economical) Disadvantages - - Costs £14.8 billion Heathrow airport - can be reached off the m25 and m4. It's in the themes estuary near Gatwick expanding it. Positives - Allows more transportation of goods and people to more destinations (economically) - Increased jobs (social and economic) - New green spaces are built (environmental) - Higher flight paths so not as much disturbance (social) Negatives - Added plane emissions (environment) - Added pressure on the Heathrow equipment and facilities (economical) - A village/people's homes and livelihood will be destroyed to extent the runway (social) - Added noise of the planes Culture - - Culture is used to describe the values of society - It's what makes the society special including writing, painting, creativity such as fashion, architecture and music - The UK adopts the other countries cultures (i.e. Chinese food, fashion from France and Italy, music from America) Transport - - London Heathrow is one of our biggest links with the outside world - Link between UK and Europe is the Eurotunnel - Southampton is a major cruise port that takes thousands of tourists around the world such as Mediterranean and Caribbean UK links with the EU - In 1773 we joined the EU - EU is the trading group with has a total of 28 countries - EU is still important but not as important as other countries sell exports a lot cheaper - UK feel Brussels (EU capital) is being too influential over the UK laws so in 2016 people voted to leave the EU (52% yes and 48% no) Trade - - Important trading links in the UK are with the EU as they can trade without tariffs. UK links with the common wealth - - The UK is a member of the common wealth of 63 countries most which were British colonies - Home to £2.2billion people. 60% under 30 - Home to the world's largest, smallest, wealthiest and poorest countries - The leaders meet every 2 years to discuss human rights, social, economic and youth employment - There are also important sporting links Electronic communication - 99% of all internet traffic passes along a multibillion dollar network of submarine high power cables. The UK is a focus of these cables what is the north south divide? - Industrialisation in major cities led to more in the south than the north - Industries declines causing a loss of manufacturing jobs and employment. London and south east quickly produced a thriving quaternary sector which the north didn't. Now more population is in the south and so is the money. What is the population of Nigeria? 167 million What is the area of population? 900,000 (923,768 kmsq) What language do they speak? English, Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa What religions do they have in Nigeria? Islam and Christianity What is the life expectancy in 2017? 52 men and 53 for women what was the life expectancy in 1990? 46 What is the currency of Nigeria? Naira What is the mortality rate a year in 2017? 117 per thousand What is the mortality rate a year in 1990? 213 per thousand What percentage of Nigeria have a mobile in 2017? 73% What percentage of Nigeria have a mobile in 1990? 0% What is the history of the government in Nigeria? - was very unstable and corrupted - money being stolen - now its ok with 2011 and 2015 elections fair When was the slave trading in Nigeria? 16th/18th Centuary When did Nigeria gain independence? 1960 What country s border Nigeria? Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon What is the time zone of Nigeria? 1 hour ahead of Uk (Greenwich) What is Nigerias latitude? 10 degrees What is Nigerias longitude? 8 degrees What is a TNC? Where are TNC's head quarters? HIC Where are TNC's plants? LIC Why do TNC'S go to LIC's? - Cheaper taxes - Cheaper labour - Relaxed laws - Wider market NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TNC - Many pipes burst or rotton - Illegally tampered - Pollution caused diseases - Soil degrading - Increased crime POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TNC - increase in money and employment what are the new sectors of nigerian economy? - retail (secondary) - tourism (tertiary) - finance (tertiary) - public services (tertiary) what sector of industry is less popular nowadays? primary what were the main products of nigeria? - cocoa - timber - oil - palm - nuts - cotton what is now the main source of income for nigeria? - oil what is increasing with the economy? - concern for enviroment - technology - language - communication - information development - science development what percentage of employment is manufacturing taking up? 10%