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Lecture notes

Lecture notes C5 Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

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Detailed lecture notes for all elements of the course (taught ) with some exam question solutions included.

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C5 Atmospheric & Oceanic Physics

Richard Anslow
C5 Revision

June 7, 2021

,2

,Contents

1 Thermodynamics 5
1.1 Two-component condensible atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Moist thermodynamics (brief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Radiative Transfer 9
2.1 Schwarzschild equation for non-scattering atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The grey gas model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Grey gas radiative equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Real gas OLR for all-troposphere atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Characterising scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Rayleigh & Mie Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 Gray gas radiating levels (2018q2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8 Band transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.9 Nadir infrared sounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.10 Scattering: Rayleigh phase function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.11 Convective radiative equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.11.1 Exam ready: origin of Schwarzschild’s gray gas equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3 Clouds 29
3.1 Köhler Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Growth of cloud droplets, supersaturation and CCNs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 Droplet growth by condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4 Cloud formation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 Droplet heights and condensational growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.6 Growth by collision/collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.7 Aerosol size distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.8 Cloud Albedo Effect (Twomey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.9 Cloud formation summary - exam ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4 GFD 47
4.1 Thermal wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Internal gravity waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 General internal gravity waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4 Kelvin waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5 Rossby waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.6 Sverdrup balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 The Stommel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.8 Deep ocean circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3

, 4 CONTENTS

4.9 Baroclinic instability and Eady’s model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.10 Potential vorticity: shallow water equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.10.1 Topographic steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.11 Shallow water quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.12 Stratified quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.13 Shallow water waves and reduced gravity derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5 Instruments 67
5.1 Detector performance and signal to noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6 Climate Dynamics 69
6.1 Retrieval/inverse problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 Linear error propagator: How to tackle non-linear processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3 Linear retrieval and a priori information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.4 Lorenz system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.5 Example: flow on a f-plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.6 Singular value decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.7 Infrared remote sounder: weighting function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

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