NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
WELL VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS||
GUARANTEED PASS|| ALREADY GRADED A+||
LATEST VERSION 2026
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - ANSWER-Localized growth that is
curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly,
have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the
original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually
grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated.
What are characteristics of malignant tumors? - ANSWER-usually cancerous.
They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the
environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display
different functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of
differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor
prognosis. They also do not go through programmed apoptosis
What is anaplasia? - ANSWER-indicated by the variation in cell size, and shape
within a tumor, enlarged nucleus, abnormal division, and bizzare looking cells.
What is metastasis? - ANSWER-processes where cancer cells escape their
tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer at other sites.
What are the 3 steps of carcinogenesis? - ANSWER-Initation, Promotion,
progression
,Explain initiation stage - ANSWER-events which result in changes to
chromosomes or DNA. Initiators include radiation, UV or carcinogens.
Explain promotion stage - ANSWER-stage during which mutated cells
proliferate. Hormones ensure progression.
Explain progression stage - ANSWER-the mutated cells start to exhibit
malignant behaviors and permanent changes.
What are effects of cancer? - ANSWER-depends on the location of it and the
extent of degree of metastasis. Can be asymptomatic in early stages. Increases
in size can contribute to aggression.
Can cause lots of PAIN
Explain cachexia - ANSWER-overall weight loss and generalized weakness due
to loss of appetite, increased metabolic rate, nausea and vomiting,
Explain anemia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating red blood cells due to
bone marrow suppression.
Explain leukopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating white blood cells.
Make people more prone to infection.
Explain thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating platelets.
Cannot clot! Cannot bleed out as not clotting! No shaving or contact sports.
What are warts (verrucae) - ANSWER-Common benign papillomas caused by
DNA papillomaviruses. Skin is thick.
,What is herpes simplex virus? - ANSWER-begins with a burning or tingling
sensation followed by vesicles and erythema that crusts before healing
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? -
ANSWER-Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands,
malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is
indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland.
What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - ANSWER-Excessive corticosteroids
What is acute gastritis? - ANSWER-Transient inflammation of the gastric
mucosa
What is chronic gastritis? - ANSWER-Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes
leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but
in some cases it can be autoimmune.
What causes gastritis? - ANSWER-Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and
exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose
intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism
or related to infection with H. pylori
What is amenorrhea? - ANSWER-- absence of menstruation
What is metrorrhagia? - ANSWER-- bleeding between periods
What is dysmenorrhea? - ANSWER-- painful periods
, Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - ANSWER-angle formed by the 12th rib and the
vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for
kidney tenderness
What causes flank pain? - ANSWER-kidney stones
When is enuresis abnormal? - ANSWER-after age 5
People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - ANSWER-increase
fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly
What is polyuria? - ANSWER-frequent urination
Female Mutilation - ANSWER-risks for uti, trouble urinating
What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - ANSWER-estrogen
Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - ANSWER-As the filtered fluid
moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water,
along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove
excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule
become urine.
What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - ANSWER-smoking
What is the kidney filtration path? - ANSWER-Bowmans capsule>proximal
tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule
What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - ANSWER-increase capillary
hydrostatic pressure
WELL VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS||
GUARANTEED PASS|| ALREADY GRADED A+||
LATEST VERSION 2026
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - ANSWER-Localized growth that is
curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly,
have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the
original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually
grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated.
What are characteristics of malignant tumors? - ANSWER-usually cancerous.
They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the
environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display
different functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of
differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor
prognosis. They also do not go through programmed apoptosis
What is anaplasia? - ANSWER-indicated by the variation in cell size, and shape
within a tumor, enlarged nucleus, abnormal division, and bizzare looking cells.
What is metastasis? - ANSWER-processes where cancer cells escape their
tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer at other sites.
What are the 3 steps of carcinogenesis? - ANSWER-Initation, Promotion,
progression
,Explain initiation stage - ANSWER-events which result in changes to
chromosomes or DNA. Initiators include radiation, UV or carcinogens.
Explain promotion stage - ANSWER-stage during which mutated cells
proliferate. Hormones ensure progression.
Explain progression stage - ANSWER-the mutated cells start to exhibit
malignant behaviors and permanent changes.
What are effects of cancer? - ANSWER-depends on the location of it and the
extent of degree of metastasis. Can be asymptomatic in early stages. Increases
in size can contribute to aggression.
Can cause lots of PAIN
Explain cachexia - ANSWER-overall weight loss and generalized weakness due
to loss of appetite, increased metabolic rate, nausea and vomiting,
Explain anemia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating red blood cells due to
bone marrow suppression.
Explain leukopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating white blood cells.
Make people more prone to infection.
Explain thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in circulating platelets.
Cannot clot! Cannot bleed out as not clotting! No shaving or contact sports.
What are warts (verrucae) - ANSWER-Common benign papillomas caused by
DNA papillomaviruses. Skin is thick.
,What is herpes simplex virus? - ANSWER-begins with a burning or tingling
sensation followed by vesicles and erythema that crusts before healing
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? -
ANSWER-Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands,
malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is
indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland.
What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - ANSWER-Excessive corticosteroids
What is acute gastritis? - ANSWER-Transient inflammation of the gastric
mucosa
What is chronic gastritis? - ANSWER-Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes
leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but
in some cases it can be autoimmune.
What causes gastritis? - ANSWER-Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and
exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose
intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism
or related to infection with H. pylori
What is amenorrhea? - ANSWER-- absence of menstruation
What is metrorrhagia? - ANSWER-- bleeding between periods
What is dysmenorrhea? - ANSWER-- painful periods
, Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - ANSWER-angle formed by the 12th rib and the
vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for
kidney tenderness
What causes flank pain? - ANSWER-kidney stones
When is enuresis abnormal? - ANSWER-after age 5
People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - ANSWER-increase
fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly
What is polyuria? - ANSWER-frequent urination
Female Mutilation - ANSWER-risks for uti, trouble urinating
What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - ANSWER-estrogen
Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - ANSWER-As the filtered fluid
moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water,
along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove
excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule
become urine.
What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - ANSWER-smoking
What is the kidney filtration path? - ANSWER-Bowmans capsule>proximal
tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule
What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - ANSWER-increase capillary
hydrostatic pressure
