© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
, Instructor’sSolution Manual zl zl
ArtificialIntelligence zl zl
A Modern Approach zl zl
FourthEdition zl
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig zl zl zl zl zl
with contributions from zl zl
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehran
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu zl zl zl zl zl zl
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online sit
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e for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
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exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the e
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xercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are onl
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ine rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and (b) we
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wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
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Copyright © 2022 zl zl
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
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,EXERCISES z l zl
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be fou
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nd rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
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1.1 What Is AI? z l zl zl
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA zl
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
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tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
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a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kno
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wledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit
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from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantifi
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able we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide range of o
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bjectives in complex environments.” zl zl zl
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that p
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erform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the
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right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the curren
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t state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really de
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sire.
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
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ronment. zl
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given w
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hat it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is per
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fect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
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ity and proposes an alternative definition.
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e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such tha
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t the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer to
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any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-defined notion of truth.)
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Exercise 1.1.#TURI zl
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several object
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ions to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
,
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
, Instructor’sSolution Manual zl zl
ArtificialIntelligence zl zl
A Modern Approach zl zl
FourthEdition zl
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig zl zl zl zl zl
with contributions from zl zl
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick, Mehran
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu zl zl zl zl zl zl
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the online sit
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
e for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-
zl zl zl zl
exercises. That site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the e
z l zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
xercises; an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are onl
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl z l zl zl zl
ine rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as is, and (b) we
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
Copyright © 2022 zl zl
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
,EXERCISES z l zl
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be fou
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
nd rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
1.1 What Is AI? z l zl zl
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA zl
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
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tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
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a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply kno
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wledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantifi
zl z l zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
able we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide range of o
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
bjectives in complex environments.” zl zl zl
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that p
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erform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the curren
zl z l zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
t state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really de
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
sire.
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
ronment. zl
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given w
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
hat it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is per
zl zl z l zl zl zl zl zl zl zl z l zl zl zl zl
fect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational-
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
ity and proposes an alternative definition.
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e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such tha
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
t the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer to
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a well-defined notion of truth.)
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Exercise 1.1.#TURI zl
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several object
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl z l zl zl zl zl zl zl
ions to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl zl
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
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,
