NUR 243 MED SURG EXAM 4 LATEST ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE 180 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+||
What is ventilation? - ANSWER---the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER---the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER---increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER---decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER---lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER---surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER---opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily
determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER---ease with which the lungs can be inflated
,What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER---neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER---elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - ANSWER---complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the
lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - ANSWER---produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER---velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER---resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER---the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER---the top of the lungs are more distended and
less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER---lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER---vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER---pulmonary hypertension
,What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER---capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER---acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER---alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER---deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER---greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
, What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER---increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER---dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache;
tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension;
lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER---respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER---subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER---decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological
and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER---lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER---cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER---cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER---squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER---foreign body aspiration;
EXAM WITH COMPLETE 180 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+||
What is ventilation? - ANSWER---the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER---the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER---increased H+ in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER---decreased pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER---lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER---surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER---opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction; primarily
determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER---ease with which the lungs can be inflated
,What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER---neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER---elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - ANSWER---complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest bronchioles
containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the
lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - ANSWER---produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER---velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER---resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER---the resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER---the top of the lungs are more distended and
less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER---lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER---vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER---pulmonary hypertension
,What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER---capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER---acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? - ANSWER---alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER---deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER---decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER---greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial system,
producing significant tissue hypoxia
, What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER---increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER---dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache;
tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension;
lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER---respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER---subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER---decreased sense of wellness which may cause psychological
and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER---lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER---cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER---cough, hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER---squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER---foreign body aspiration;
