12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Science Medicine Urology
NR 507 Patho Final 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW!!
Terms in this set (458)
Renal Sy stem ...
Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's ....
1. What are the two main functions of the 1. Filtration and collection
kidney Review diagram for anatomical
structures
Women are at a higher risk for the True
development of a UTI because of having a
shorter urethra. True/False
Which of the following can help to prevent a Increase water consumption
UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection Urgency
includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased Urination
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,12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Which of the following is true regarding a Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
complicated urinary tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract
disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower
urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Which of the following is a risk factor for the Pregnancy
development of a urinary tract infection
(UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
1. Where do bacteria commonly come from 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to
in UTI's cause inflammation and infection
2. Where can a UTI occur? 2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra,
3. It is more common for women to develop bladder, ureter, or kidney
a UTI especially when 3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with
estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics
where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to
lower urinary tract and hide from the stick to one another and adhere to surfaces that help them
immune cells. The bacteria can form survive.
biofilms-what is this? 2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract.
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the
that can lead to septic shock or bacterimia bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the
Note the diagram btw a male & female kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection
urinary tracts (who's is much shorter) becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the
bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins
causing bacteremia
UTI risk factors 1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
why? 2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
2. The female ureter is shorter and 3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk promoting an environment for bacteria growth.
because 4. spermicides
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor 5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an
especially if women use ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a then form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
major cause of a UTI
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,12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders 1. urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis). In males, the cystitis
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the may be associated with prostatitis.
urinary tract 2. urgency associated with burning on urination. frequency,
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the dysuria, and suprapubic pain. The urine may also appear
individual experiences (blank) Other cloudy and have an odor.
common symptoms include 3. is highly specific for bacterial infection
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed 4. culture and sensitivity (C&S) test and microscopy
to identify hematuria, proteinuria, and the 5. a white blood cell (WBC) count of greater than 5000 high
presence of nitrites. The presence of nitrites power field (hpf) and hematuria
4. an individual can have a negative urine
dipstick but still have a UTI. If this is the case,
then the NP can send the urine for a
5. On microscopic exam of the urine, a
patient with cystitis will have
1. An infection of the lower urinary tract can 1. pyelonephritis.
progress to an upper urinary tract infection 2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank
if the bacteria ascends from the bladder to pain, costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and
the kidney. The condition is vomiting. Malaise is also a common complaint
2. The signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis 3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
include 4. there can also be signs of shock
3. Think of the symptoms of pyelonephritis in 5. WBC casts
a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the circulation
from the kidney via the renal vein
5. For the patient with pyelonephritis, the
urine will present with
Uncomplicated vs. Complicated Urinary 1. renal function is normal, urine results may confirm a UTI, but
Tract Infections (UTI) the patient denies symptoms, no antibiotic is prescribed
1. A UTI may be classified as complicated or 2. renal function and an abnormality in the renal tract
uncomplicated in terms of its severity. An
uncomplicated UTI indicates that
2. In a complicated UTI, there is decreased
Un-Complicated UTI 1. the normal urinary tract
1. Occurs in the normal urinary tract 2. a short course of antibiotic therapy
2. Responds well to 3. non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
3. Ie: Simple cystitis in 4. the bladder
Complicated UTI 5. structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or
4. A UTI that extends beyond untreated UTI
5. Caused by 6. pregnant mothers & older adults affected
6. Infants and 7. indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
7. Associated with:
1. The most common organisms that cause a 1. Escherichia coli (80% of cases), Staphylococcus
UTI is saprophyticus, Proteus Mirabilis, and Klebsiella.
2. A urinalysis is used to diagnose a UTI. If 2. the causative organism is gram negative
nitrites are present, this indicates 3. 100,000 colony forming units/ml. remember a UTI occurs
3. A urine culture may also be performed to when bacteria colonize, cling to the bladder well, form
determine infection. A positive culture biofilms and overwhelm the immune system
indicates that there are greater than
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, 12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Using the Urinalysis to Diagnose a Urinary 1. the case of Enterococcus bacteria
Tract Infection 2. the highest positive predictive value.
1. some bacteria are unable to produce Complicated
nitrites. this would be Protein + or –
2. The presence of nitrites is the most Leukocyte Esterase +
specific finding and has Nitrites + or –
Differentiate between the UA of a RBCs +
complicated and uncomplicated UTI WBCs + > 100,000/hpf
Protein Casts +
Leukocyte Esterase Uncomplicated
Nitrites Protein + or –
RBCs Leukocyte Esterase +
WBCs Nitrites + or –
Casts RBCs + or –
WBCs + > 5000/hpf
Casts None
Remember a for a dx of UTI the pt needs to be presenting
with symptoms
Casts: are long cylindrical structures formed 1. acute tubular necrosis
in the renal tubules due to the precipitation 2. acute and chronic renal failure.
of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein 3. nephrotic syndrome
1. Muddy brown casts suggest 4. glomerulonephritis
2. Waxy casts are suggestive of 5. interstitial inflammation
3. Fatty casts are suggestive of
4. RBC casts suggest
5. WBC casts suggest
RBCs (red blood cells): greater than 3 glomerular disease.
RBCs/hpf is considered abnormal.
Abnormal morphology of the RBC strongly
suggests
UTI Prevention, list patient education 1. Drink more water.
1. most important 2. cranberry juice and vitamin C
2. can help to acidify the urine 3. sexual intercourse to remove bacteria from the urethral
3. Urinate before and after area.
4. Encourage the female to avoid 4. holding urine for extended periods of time
5. Avoid the use of 5. hygiene sprays and spermicides because they alter the
normal microbial flora
Post UTI quiz ...
https://quizlet.com/216338517/nr-507-patho-final-flash-cards/ 4/72
Science Medicine Urology
NR 507 Patho Final 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW!!
Terms in this set (458)
Renal Sy stem ...
Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's ....
1. What are the two main functions of the 1. Filtration and collection
kidney Review diagram for anatomical
structures
Women are at a higher risk for the True
development of a UTI because of having a
shorter urethra. True/False
Which of the following can help to prevent a Increase water consumption
UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection Urgency
includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased Urination
https://quizlet.com/216338517/nr-507-patho-final-flash-cards/ 1/72
,12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Which of the following is true regarding a Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
complicated urinary tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract
disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower
urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Which of the following is a risk factor for the Pregnancy
development of a urinary tract infection
(UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
1. Where do bacteria commonly come from 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to
in UTI's cause inflammation and infection
2. Where can a UTI occur? 2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra,
3. It is more common for women to develop bladder, ureter, or kidney
a UTI especially when 3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with
estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics
where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to
lower urinary tract and hide from the stick to one another and adhere to surfaces that help them
immune cells. The bacteria can form survive.
biofilms-what is this? 2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract.
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the
that can lead to septic shock or bacterimia bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the
Note the diagram btw a male & female kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection
urinary tracts (who's is much shorter) becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the
bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins
causing bacteremia
UTI risk factors 1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
why? 2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
2. The female ureter is shorter and 3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk promoting an environment for bacteria growth.
because 4. spermicides
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor 5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an
especially if women use ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a then form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
major cause of a UTI
https://quizlet.com/216338517/nr-507-patho-final-flash-cards/ 2/72
,12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders 1. urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis). In males, the cystitis
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the may be associated with prostatitis.
urinary tract 2. urgency associated with burning on urination. frequency,
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the dysuria, and suprapubic pain. The urine may also appear
individual experiences (blank) Other cloudy and have an odor.
common symptoms include 3. is highly specific for bacterial infection
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed 4. culture and sensitivity (C&S) test and microscopy
to identify hematuria, proteinuria, and the 5. a white blood cell (WBC) count of greater than 5000 high
presence of nitrites. The presence of nitrites power field (hpf) and hematuria
4. an individual can have a negative urine
dipstick but still have a UTI. If this is the case,
then the NP can send the urine for a
5. On microscopic exam of the urine, a
patient with cystitis will have
1. An infection of the lower urinary tract can 1. pyelonephritis.
progress to an upper urinary tract infection 2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank
if the bacteria ascends from the bladder to pain, costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and
the kidney. The condition is vomiting. Malaise is also a common complaint
2. The signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis 3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
include 4. there can also be signs of shock
3. Think of the symptoms of pyelonephritis in 5. WBC casts
a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the circulation
from the kidney via the renal vein
5. For the patient with pyelonephritis, the
urine will present with
Uncomplicated vs. Complicated Urinary 1. renal function is normal, urine results may confirm a UTI, but
Tract Infections (UTI) the patient denies symptoms, no antibiotic is prescribed
1. A UTI may be classified as complicated or 2. renal function and an abnormality in the renal tract
uncomplicated in terms of its severity. An
uncomplicated UTI indicates that
2. In a complicated UTI, there is decreased
Un-Complicated UTI 1. the normal urinary tract
1. Occurs in the normal urinary tract 2. a short course of antibiotic therapy
2. Responds well to 3. non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
3. Ie: Simple cystitis in 4. the bladder
Complicated UTI 5. structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or
4. A UTI that extends beyond untreated UTI
5. Caused by 6. pregnant mothers & older adults affected
6. Infants and 7. indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
7. Associated with:
1. The most common organisms that cause a 1. Escherichia coli (80% of cases), Staphylococcus
UTI is saprophyticus, Proteus Mirabilis, and Klebsiella.
2. A urinalysis is used to diagnose a UTI. If 2. the causative organism is gram negative
nitrites are present, this indicates 3. 100,000 colony forming units/ml. remember a UTI occurs
3. A urine culture may also be performed to when bacteria colonize, cling to the bladder well, form
determine infection. A positive culture biofilms and overwhelm the immune system
indicates that there are greater than
https://quizlet.com/216338517/nr-507-patho-final-flash-cards/ 3/72
, 12/20/25, 11:10 AM NR 507 Patho Final Flashcards | Quizlet
Using the Urinalysis to Diagnose a Urinary 1. the case of Enterococcus bacteria
Tract Infection 2. the highest positive predictive value.
1. some bacteria are unable to produce Complicated
nitrites. this would be Protein + or –
2. The presence of nitrites is the most Leukocyte Esterase +
specific finding and has Nitrites + or –
Differentiate between the UA of a RBCs +
complicated and uncomplicated UTI WBCs + > 100,000/hpf
Protein Casts +
Leukocyte Esterase Uncomplicated
Nitrites Protein + or –
RBCs Leukocyte Esterase +
WBCs Nitrites + or –
Casts RBCs + or –
WBCs + > 5000/hpf
Casts None
Remember a for a dx of UTI the pt needs to be presenting
with symptoms
Casts: are long cylindrical structures formed 1. acute tubular necrosis
in the renal tubules due to the precipitation 2. acute and chronic renal failure.
of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein 3. nephrotic syndrome
1. Muddy brown casts suggest 4. glomerulonephritis
2. Waxy casts are suggestive of 5. interstitial inflammation
3. Fatty casts are suggestive of
4. RBC casts suggest
5. WBC casts suggest
RBCs (red blood cells): greater than 3 glomerular disease.
RBCs/hpf is considered abnormal.
Abnormal morphology of the RBC strongly
suggests
UTI Prevention, list patient education 1. Drink more water.
1. most important 2. cranberry juice and vitamin C
2. can help to acidify the urine 3. sexual intercourse to remove bacteria from the urethral
3. Urinate before and after area.
4. Encourage the female to avoid 4. holding urine for extended periods of time
5. Avoid the use of 5. hygiene sprays and spermicides because they alter the
normal microbial flora
Post UTI quiz ...
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