NSG 532 EXAM 4 2025/2026|COMPLETE EXAM TEST (QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|100% PASSED!!
Question 1
Which of the following best defines the science of Immunology?
A) The study of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
B) The study of red blood cell production in the marrow
C) The science of discrimination between self (well-ordered host) and non-self
(pathogens/disordered self)
D) The study of hormonal regulation of the thymus
E) The science of genetic mutations in stem cells
Correct Answer: C) The science of discrimination between self (well-ordered host) and non-
self (pathogens/disordered self)
Rationale: Immunology is explicitly defined in the provided text as the science of
discrimination between self (the well-ordered host) and non-self (pathogens or disordered
self). It focuses on how the body recognizes what belongs to it versus what is foreign or
damaged.
Question 2
Which of the following represents a pathological response of the immune system
characterized by hyperactivity?
A) Malignancies
B) Autoimmunity
C) Immune deficiency
D) Infections
E) Apoptosis
Correct Answer: B) Autoimmunity
Rationale: Pathological responses are divided into hyperactivity and hypoactivity.
Hyperactivity includes autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. Malignancies, infections, and
immune deficiencies are classified under hypoactivity.
Question 3
Which of the following is considered a physiologic response of the immune system?
A) Hypersensitivity reaction
B) Autoimmune attack on thyroid
C) Proper self-recognition and complete elimination of pathogens
D) Growth of malignant tumors
E) Failure to recognize mutated cells
, 2
Correct Answer: C) Proper self-recognition and complete elimination of pathogens
Rationale: Physiologic responses describe the immune system working correctly. This includes
proper self-recognition, effective immune responses, complete elimination of threats, and
long-lasting remembrance (memory).
Question 4
In the context of immunology, which of the following is an example of "non-self"?
A) Healthy red blood cells
B) Normal stromal epithelial cells
C) Transformed or mutated cells
D) Properly matched transplanted cells
E) Virgin B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C) Transformed or mutated cells
Rationale: The text lists several things considered "non-self," including obligatory
intra/extracellular microbes, opportunistic microbes, transformed/mutated cells, diseased
cells, aged/dead cells, and mismatched transplanted cells.
Question 5
What is an epitope?
A) The entire bacterial cell wall
B) The part of the antigen that is specifically recognized by antibodies
C) A chemical that suppresses the immune response
D) A type of T-cell receptor found in the thymus
E) A hormone released by the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B) The part of the antigen that is specifically recognized by antibodies
Rationale: An epitope, also known as an antigenic determinant, is defined as the specific part
of an antigen that interacts with antibodies to determine the immune response.
Question 6
What is the primary difference between an antigen and an immunogen?
A) Antigens produce long-lasting memory; immunogens do not.
B) Antigens provoke a strong immune response; immunogens provoke a weak one.
C) Immunogens provoke a strong immune response and produce long-lasting memory; antigens
provoke a weak/no response.
D) Antigens are proteins; immunogens are carbohydrates.
E) Immunogens are self-cells; antigens are non-self.
, 3
Correct Answer: C) Immunogens provoke a strong immune response and produce long-lasting
memory; antigens provoke a weak/no response.
Rationale: While both are types of epitopes, the text distinguishes them by the strength of
response. Antigens provoke weak/no response and weak memory. Immunogens provoke
strong responses and produce long-lasting memory.
Question 7
A hapten is best described as:
A) A non-immunogenic epitope that becomes immunogenic when bound to a carrier protein
B) A fully functional immunogen capable of stimulating memory cells alone
C) A cytokine released by NK cells
D) A complement protein found in the blood
E) A receptor on a T-Helper cell
Correct Answer: A) A non-immunogenic epitope that becomes immunogenic when bound to a
carrier protein
Rationale: A hapten is defined as a non-immunogenic epitope. It requires contact with a
carrier protein to form a complex that becomes immunogenic.
Question 8
Which of the following is NOT a criterion upon which immunogens are judged?
A) Degree of foreignness
B) Size/molecular weight
C) Chemical nature/complexity
D) Color and texture
E) Ability to degrade
Correct Answer: D) Color and texture
Rationale: The criteria for immunogens listed are: degree of foreignness, size/molecular
weight, chemical nature/complexity, ability to degrade, dose, and route of presentation.
Question 9
Which organs are considered the Primary Immune Organs?
A) Spleen and Tonsils
B) Lymph Nodes and Appendix
C) Thymus and Bone Marrow
D) Peyer's Patches and Spleen
E) Liver and Kidneys
, 4
Correct Answer: C) Thymus and Bone Marrow
Rationale: The Thymus and Bone Marrow are the primary immune organs where
differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of stem cells into immune cells occur.
Question 10
What is the primary function of the secondary immune organs (e.g., Lymph Nodes, Tonsils)?
A) Maturation of stem cells
B) Production of red blood cells
C) Sites where interaction between self and non-self occurs
D) Secretion of thymosine
E) Filtering of blood for oxygen
Correct Answer: C) Sites where interaction between self and non-self occurs
Rationale: Secondary immune organs (Lymph Nodes, Peyer's patches, Tonsils, Appendix,
Spleen) are the sites where the initiation of immune responses takes place and where self and
non-self interact.
Question 11
Where does the differentiation of B cells primarily occur?
A) Thymus
B) Bone Marrow
C) Spleen
D) Lymph Node Cortex
E) Peyer's Patches
Correct Answer: B) Bone Marrow
Rationale: B Cell differentiation occurs in the Bone Marrow. The text outlines the path from
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) to B Cell within the marrow before export to the lymph node.
Question 12
Which cells in the thymus are responsible for triggering the differentiation and maturation of
thymocytes?
A) Macrophages
B) Stromal epithelial cells
C) Dendritic cells
D) B-Lymphocytes
E) Natural Killer Cells
ANSWERS) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|100% PASSED!!
Question 1
Which of the following best defines the science of Immunology?
A) The study of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
B) The study of red blood cell production in the marrow
C) The science of discrimination between self (well-ordered host) and non-self
(pathogens/disordered self)
D) The study of hormonal regulation of the thymus
E) The science of genetic mutations in stem cells
Correct Answer: C) The science of discrimination between self (well-ordered host) and non-
self (pathogens/disordered self)
Rationale: Immunology is explicitly defined in the provided text as the science of
discrimination between self (the well-ordered host) and non-self (pathogens or disordered
self). It focuses on how the body recognizes what belongs to it versus what is foreign or
damaged.
Question 2
Which of the following represents a pathological response of the immune system
characterized by hyperactivity?
A) Malignancies
B) Autoimmunity
C) Immune deficiency
D) Infections
E) Apoptosis
Correct Answer: B) Autoimmunity
Rationale: Pathological responses are divided into hyperactivity and hypoactivity.
Hyperactivity includes autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. Malignancies, infections, and
immune deficiencies are classified under hypoactivity.
Question 3
Which of the following is considered a physiologic response of the immune system?
A) Hypersensitivity reaction
B) Autoimmune attack on thyroid
C) Proper self-recognition and complete elimination of pathogens
D) Growth of malignant tumors
E) Failure to recognize mutated cells
, 2
Correct Answer: C) Proper self-recognition and complete elimination of pathogens
Rationale: Physiologic responses describe the immune system working correctly. This includes
proper self-recognition, effective immune responses, complete elimination of threats, and
long-lasting remembrance (memory).
Question 4
In the context of immunology, which of the following is an example of "non-self"?
A) Healthy red blood cells
B) Normal stromal epithelial cells
C) Transformed or mutated cells
D) Properly matched transplanted cells
E) Virgin B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C) Transformed or mutated cells
Rationale: The text lists several things considered "non-self," including obligatory
intra/extracellular microbes, opportunistic microbes, transformed/mutated cells, diseased
cells, aged/dead cells, and mismatched transplanted cells.
Question 5
What is an epitope?
A) The entire bacterial cell wall
B) The part of the antigen that is specifically recognized by antibodies
C) A chemical that suppresses the immune response
D) A type of T-cell receptor found in the thymus
E) A hormone released by the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B) The part of the antigen that is specifically recognized by antibodies
Rationale: An epitope, also known as an antigenic determinant, is defined as the specific part
of an antigen that interacts with antibodies to determine the immune response.
Question 6
What is the primary difference between an antigen and an immunogen?
A) Antigens produce long-lasting memory; immunogens do not.
B) Antigens provoke a strong immune response; immunogens provoke a weak one.
C) Immunogens provoke a strong immune response and produce long-lasting memory; antigens
provoke a weak/no response.
D) Antigens are proteins; immunogens are carbohydrates.
E) Immunogens are self-cells; antigens are non-self.
, 3
Correct Answer: C) Immunogens provoke a strong immune response and produce long-lasting
memory; antigens provoke a weak/no response.
Rationale: While both are types of epitopes, the text distinguishes them by the strength of
response. Antigens provoke weak/no response and weak memory. Immunogens provoke
strong responses and produce long-lasting memory.
Question 7
A hapten is best described as:
A) A non-immunogenic epitope that becomes immunogenic when bound to a carrier protein
B) A fully functional immunogen capable of stimulating memory cells alone
C) A cytokine released by NK cells
D) A complement protein found in the blood
E) A receptor on a T-Helper cell
Correct Answer: A) A non-immunogenic epitope that becomes immunogenic when bound to a
carrier protein
Rationale: A hapten is defined as a non-immunogenic epitope. It requires contact with a
carrier protein to form a complex that becomes immunogenic.
Question 8
Which of the following is NOT a criterion upon which immunogens are judged?
A) Degree of foreignness
B) Size/molecular weight
C) Chemical nature/complexity
D) Color and texture
E) Ability to degrade
Correct Answer: D) Color and texture
Rationale: The criteria for immunogens listed are: degree of foreignness, size/molecular
weight, chemical nature/complexity, ability to degrade, dose, and route of presentation.
Question 9
Which organs are considered the Primary Immune Organs?
A) Spleen and Tonsils
B) Lymph Nodes and Appendix
C) Thymus and Bone Marrow
D) Peyer's Patches and Spleen
E) Liver and Kidneys
, 4
Correct Answer: C) Thymus and Bone Marrow
Rationale: The Thymus and Bone Marrow are the primary immune organs where
differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of stem cells into immune cells occur.
Question 10
What is the primary function of the secondary immune organs (e.g., Lymph Nodes, Tonsils)?
A) Maturation of stem cells
B) Production of red blood cells
C) Sites where interaction between self and non-self occurs
D) Secretion of thymosine
E) Filtering of blood for oxygen
Correct Answer: C) Sites where interaction between self and non-self occurs
Rationale: Secondary immune organs (Lymph Nodes, Peyer's patches, Tonsils, Appendix,
Spleen) are the sites where the initiation of immune responses takes place and where self and
non-self interact.
Question 11
Where does the differentiation of B cells primarily occur?
A) Thymus
B) Bone Marrow
C) Spleen
D) Lymph Node Cortex
E) Peyer's Patches
Correct Answer: B) Bone Marrow
Rationale: B Cell differentiation occurs in the Bone Marrow. The text outlines the path from
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) to B Cell within the marrow before export to the lymph node.
Question 12
Which cells in the thymus are responsible for triggering the differentiation and maturation of
thymocytes?
A) Macrophages
B) Stromal epithelial cells
C) Dendritic cells
D) B-Lymphocytes
E) Natural Killer Cells
