12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
Nurs 5315: Adv PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 1 TEST BANK
NEWEST VERSION COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+
NURS 5315 EXAM 1 PATHO
The movement of fluid ANS: A
across the arterial end Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing
of capillary membranes against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic
into the interstitial fluid pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the
surrounding the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a
capillary is an example hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force
of which fluid to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the
movement process? interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify
the process described.
a. Hydrostatic pressure
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis
and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the
Atrophy catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing
structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue
mass after damage or partial resection; may be
Hyperplasia
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
caused by increased hormonal stimulation
1/64
,12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of
hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by
Dysplasia
disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or
pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
shows up on pap smear, breast cancer development;
pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that
must undergo laser/surgical tx
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for
survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to
chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise
Metaplasia
from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in
lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
2/64
,12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased
Hypoxia injury
production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm
the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
Free radical and ROS P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease,
Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
Ethanol P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6,
thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of
liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
Oncosis
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
Fatty Infiltration liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or
high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
dystrophic calcification calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with
cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB,
atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
metastatic calcification result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism,
hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit
D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
urate accumulation
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
3/64
, 12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
Fat Necrosis breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Gangrenous Necrosis Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years
old.
Gout P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes,
and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use
or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump,
causing accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis,
Rhabdomyolysis
and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes
such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe
dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle
pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen prostate tumors
4/64
Nurs 5315: Adv PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 1 TEST BANK
NEWEST VERSION COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+
NURS 5315 EXAM 1 PATHO
The movement of fluid ANS: A
across the arterial end Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing
of capillary membranes against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic
into the interstitial fluid pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the
surrounding the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a
capillary is an example hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force
of which fluid to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the
movement process? interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify
the process described.
a. Hydrostatic pressure
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis
and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the
Atrophy catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing
structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue
mass after damage or partial resection; may be
Hyperplasia
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually
caused by increased hormonal stimulation
1/64
,12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of
hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland
enlargement during pregnancy
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by
Dysplasia
disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or
pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
shows up on pap smear, breast cancer development;
pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that
must undergo laser/surgical tx
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for
survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to
chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise
Metaplasia
from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in
lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in
response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
2/64
,12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased
Hypoxia injury
production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm
the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
Free radical and ROS P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease,
Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
Ethanol P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6,
thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of
liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
Oncosis
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
Fatty Infiltration liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or
high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
dystrophic calcification calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with
cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB,
atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
metastatic calcification result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism,
hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit
D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
urate accumulation
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
3/64
, 12/8/25, 6:10 PM Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
Fat Necrosis breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Gangrenous Necrosis Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years
old.
Gout P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes,
and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use
or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma,
hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump,
causing accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis,
Rhabdomyolysis
and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes
such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
C.M. Causes: trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, severe
dehydration; s/s: CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle
pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen prostate tumors
4/64
