Nurs 5315: Adv PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 1 AND TEST BANK NEWEST
VERSION COMPLETE 180+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space-
venous obstruction, Na and water retention
Edema
C.M. can be localized or dependent, tightness of skin,
facial swelling, rales, decreased wound healing,
increased risk of pressure sores, weight gain
insulin effect on K+ K+ enters cell with glucose transport. Monitor Type II DM for
hypokalemia
albuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
Adrenergic agents effect on
K+ antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha
adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the cell
hyperosmolality causes water to shift out of cell via
Osmolality effect on K+
osmosis. K+ will also shift out, causing
hyperkalemia.
Cell lysis effect on K+ intracellular K+ is released into bloodstream
Exercise effect on K+ cellular ATP is diminished, opening K+ channels and allowing K+
to leave cell
Kidneys effect on K+ excretion and absorption of K+ is regulated by tubule system
mag inhibits the potassium channels, keeping balance.
magnesium and potassium
when mag is low, more K+ exits the call, and is
excreted via the kidneys.
E. increased acid production, loss of bicarb, diminished renal
metabolic acidosis excretion of hydrogen
C.M hyperventilation (compensatory), h/a, n/v/d,
dehydration, hypotension pH <7.4 HCO3 <22
E. GI loss, diuretic use
metabolic alkalosis C.M. slow, shallow respirations, irritability,
twitching, s/s of hypokalemia pH >7.4 HCO3
>26
E. cns depression, airway abnormalities
respiratory acidosis C.M. restless, confused,
seizures, tachycardia pH <7.4
, PaCO2 >44
E. usually anxiety, PE, chf, salicylate OD, illegal drugs
respiratory alkalosis C.M. light-headed,
confused, tetany pH
>7.4 PaCO2 <38
Allele Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes
Phenotype Outward appearance of an individual
Genotype A map of ones specific genes
Polymorphic Two or more alleles which occur with an appreciable frequency in
a population
Homozygous Two dominant or recessive alleles
Heterozygous When both a dominant and a recessive allele are present
Dominant Trait seen in phenotype
Recessive Trait not seen in phenotype
Autosomal chromosomes first 22 of 23 chromosomes
sex-linked chromosomes 23rd pair of chromosomes
, E. Increase in cell size
P. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand, which increased the cellular protein
in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
Hypertrophy
myofilaments, and mitochondria (not cellular fluid)
Physiologic: skeletal muscle hypertrophy for persons
doing heavy work/weight lifting. one kidney removed,
the other kidney increases in size to accommodate for
workload
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN/L ventricular hypertrophy
Hypoxic ischemia which progresses to hypoxia.
Injury Clinical Intracellular enzymes such as CK, LDH, AST, ALT, troponin
Manifestations
decreased O2, loss of H/H, decreased RBC
Hypoxic Injury
production, disease of heart/lungs, ischemia
CK enzymes -most muscle cells, including heart excrete what enzyme
LDH - muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain secrete what
enzyme
AST enzymes are found - liver cells (s)
where?
ALT enzymes are found - liver cells (L enzyme)
where?
Troponin enzymes are found - cardiac cells
where?
lack of O2 causes decrease in mitochondrial function,
causing decrease ATP production and increases
anaerobic metabolism (generating ATP from
Hypoxic Injury glycogen), eventually anaerobic metabolism will
Pathophysiology stop and the cell will die. Reduction of ATP impairs
Na/K pump, leads to increased Na/Ca in cell, K is
diffused out of cell, water diffuses into cell causing
swelling, ribosomal dilation and malfunction occur.
Ribosomes produces protein and when it malfunctions
causes decrease in protein synthesis. Death will occur
if injury is not stopped.
have unpaired electron in its outer shell, making
Free Radical Etiology
molecule unstable and highly reactive. aka being
oxidized
, Reactive Oxygen Species ROS byproduct of ATP production in the mitochondria
Etiology
to stabilize self, it will steal an electron from another
Free Radical and Clinical molecule or give up and electron. The free radical will
Manafestations
often steal an electron from another molecule, making
that molecule a free radical
Reactive Oxygen Species can overwhelm mitochondria and exhaust intracellular
(ROS) Clinical antioxidants, causing cell injury/disease
Manafestations
VERSION COMPLETE 180+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space-
venous obstruction, Na and water retention
Edema
C.M. can be localized or dependent, tightness of skin,
facial swelling, rales, decreased wound healing,
increased risk of pressure sores, weight gain
insulin effect on K+ K+ enters cell with glucose transport. Monitor Type II DM for
hypokalemia
albuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
Adrenergic agents effect on
K+ antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha
adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the cell
hyperosmolality causes water to shift out of cell via
Osmolality effect on K+
osmosis. K+ will also shift out, causing
hyperkalemia.
Cell lysis effect on K+ intracellular K+ is released into bloodstream
Exercise effect on K+ cellular ATP is diminished, opening K+ channels and allowing K+
to leave cell
Kidneys effect on K+ excretion and absorption of K+ is regulated by tubule system
mag inhibits the potassium channels, keeping balance.
magnesium and potassium
when mag is low, more K+ exits the call, and is
excreted via the kidneys.
E. increased acid production, loss of bicarb, diminished renal
metabolic acidosis excretion of hydrogen
C.M hyperventilation (compensatory), h/a, n/v/d,
dehydration, hypotension pH <7.4 HCO3 <22
E. GI loss, diuretic use
metabolic alkalosis C.M. slow, shallow respirations, irritability,
twitching, s/s of hypokalemia pH >7.4 HCO3
>26
E. cns depression, airway abnormalities
respiratory acidosis C.M. restless, confused,
seizures, tachycardia pH <7.4
, PaCO2 >44
E. usually anxiety, PE, chf, salicylate OD, illegal drugs
respiratory alkalosis C.M. light-headed,
confused, tetany pH
>7.4 PaCO2 <38
Allele Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes
Phenotype Outward appearance of an individual
Genotype A map of ones specific genes
Polymorphic Two or more alleles which occur with an appreciable frequency in
a population
Homozygous Two dominant or recessive alleles
Heterozygous When both a dominant and a recessive allele are present
Dominant Trait seen in phenotype
Recessive Trait not seen in phenotype
Autosomal chromosomes first 22 of 23 chromosomes
sex-linked chromosomes 23rd pair of chromosomes
, E. Increase in cell size
P. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand, which increased the cellular protein
in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
Hypertrophy
myofilaments, and mitochondria (not cellular fluid)
Physiologic: skeletal muscle hypertrophy for persons
doing heavy work/weight lifting. one kidney removed,
the other kidney increases in size to accommodate for
workload
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN/L ventricular hypertrophy
Hypoxic ischemia which progresses to hypoxia.
Injury Clinical Intracellular enzymes such as CK, LDH, AST, ALT, troponin
Manifestations
decreased O2, loss of H/H, decreased RBC
Hypoxic Injury
production, disease of heart/lungs, ischemia
CK enzymes -most muscle cells, including heart excrete what enzyme
LDH - muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain secrete what
enzyme
AST enzymes are found - liver cells (s)
where?
ALT enzymes are found - liver cells (L enzyme)
where?
Troponin enzymes are found - cardiac cells
where?
lack of O2 causes decrease in mitochondrial function,
causing decrease ATP production and increases
anaerobic metabolism (generating ATP from
Hypoxic Injury glycogen), eventually anaerobic metabolism will
Pathophysiology stop and the cell will die. Reduction of ATP impairs
Na/K pump, leads to increased Na/Ca in cell, K is
diffused out of cell, water diffuses into cell causing
swelling, ribosomal dilation and malfunction occur.
Ribosomes produces protein and when it malfunctions
causes decrease in protein synthesis. Death will occur
if injury is not stopped.
have unpaired electron in its outer shell, making
Free Radical Etiology
molecule unstable and highly reactive. aka being
oxidized
, Reactive Oxygen Species ROS byproduct of ATP production in the mitochondria
Etiology
to stabilize self, it will steal an electron from another
Free Radical and Clinical molecule or give up and electron. The free radical will
Manafestations
often steal an electron from another molecule, making
that molecule a free radical
Reactive Oxygen Species can overwhelm mitochondria and exhaust intracellular
(ROS) Clinical antioxidants, causing cell injury/disease
Manafestations
