PATHO FOR NURSING ETSU EXAM 1 2026
NEWEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS | A+ GRADE VERIFIED ANSWERS
Mutation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material
present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
It is the carrier of genetic information.
What is DNA composed of? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-It is a double helix model- The
ladders are composed of deoxyribose and phosphate while the rungs are 4
types of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs
with C; This is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-DNA directs the synthesis or production of
all the body's proteins
Proteins - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Composed of one or more polypeptides that
consist of sequences of amino acids
Amino acids - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Building blocks of proteins; the body contains
20 different types
,Codons - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for
one amino acid
Chromosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Contains genes which are comprised of DNA
and are the basic units of inheritance
Genes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints
of proteins in the body genes influence all aspects of body structure and
function. Genes are found in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Genes are
made of of DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they make
chromosomes. Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
DNA polymerase - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that
joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Enhances the accuracy
of DNA replication and prevents mutations.
Mutagens - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-A mutation that occurs without
exposure to a mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and
23 chromosomes in Gametes
, How can human cells be categorized? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Somatic Cells &
Gametes
Somatic Cells - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-All cells of the body except gametes (sex
cells). Their nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered
diploid, Mother and Father donate one chromosome per pair.
Gametes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23
chromosomes, making them haploid.
Autosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes,
virtually identical and homologous
Hypertrophy - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Increase in cellular size
Cause by workload increase
Reversible
Ex: Cardiomegaly and skeletal muscle
Sex Chromosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to
smallest- X is larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Leading cause of intellectual
disability and miscarriage
Euploid - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
NEWEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS | A+ GRADE VERIFIED ANSWERS
Mutation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material
present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
It is the carrier of genetic information.
What is DNA composed of? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-It is a double helix model- The
ladders are composed of deoxyribose and phosphate while the rungs are 4
types of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs
with C; This is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-DNA directs the synthesis or production of
all the body's proteins
Proteins - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Composed of one or more polypeptides that
consist of sequences of amino acids
Amino acids - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Building blocks of proteins; the body contains
20 different types
,Codons - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for
one amino acid
Chromosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Contains genes which are comprised of DNA
and are the basic units of inheritance
Genes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints
of proteins in the body genes influence all aspects of body structure and
function. Genes are found in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Genes are
made of of DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they make
chromosomes. Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
DNA polymerase - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that
joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. Enhances the accuracy
of DNA replication and prevents mutations.
Mutagens - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-A mutation that occurs without
exposure to a mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and
23 chromosomes in Gametes
, How can human cells be categorized? - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Somatic Cells &
Gametes
Somatic Cells - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-All cells of the body except gametes (sex
cells). Their nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered
diploid, Mother and Father donate one chromosome per pair.
Gametes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23
chromosomes, making them haploid.
Autosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes,
virtually identical and homologous
Hypertrophy - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Increase in cellular size
Cause by workload increase
Reversible
Ex: Cardiomegaly and skeletal muscle
Sex Chromosomes - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to
smallest- X is larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Leading cause of intellectual
disability and miscarriage
Euploid - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
