BMAL 590 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
TECHNIQUES AND STATISTICS_NEW
MASTER SET. EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Experimental - ANS doing an experiment with a control group and a experiment group
A company developed a smartphone whose average lifetime is unknown. In order to estimate
the average, 200 smartphones are randomly selected from a large production line and tested;
their average is found to be 5 years. The 200 smartphones represent: - ANS A sample
Significance level - ANS Measures the reliability of a statistical inference
Design of a good survey components - ANS Short survey, short/simple questions, start with
demographic questions, uses dichotomous (yes-no) and multiple choice
Direct observation - ANS example: counts backpacks on campus for a day
Joint Probability - ANS The probability of the intersection of two events
Marginal Probability - ANS The probability of a single event without consideration of any
other event
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Bayes Law - ANS Calculates posterior probability
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) - ANS The name of the theorem stating that the sampling
distribution of a statistic (e.g. x ) is approximately normal whenever the sample is large and
random. Allows us to draw conclusions about the population based on strictly sample data.
Sampling distribution of the mean - ANS 1. the sampling distribution of the mean has a
different mean from the original population
2. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is referred to as the standard
deviation
3. if the original population is not normally distributed, the sampling of the mean will be normal
Suppose you are given 3 numbers that relate to the number of people in a university sample.
The three numbers are 10,20,30. If the standard deviation is 10, the standard error equals___ . -
ANS 5.77
To find the standard deviation, find the mean of the data set ( 10, 20, 30) then calculate in excel.
Watch video Bozeman Science Standard Error
Find the sample standard deviation of 5, 10, 15 and 20. - ANS 6.45
Type 1 error - ANS Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true
Type 11 error - ANS False negative
Type 1 error criminal - ANS Innocent person is wrongly convicted
P-value - ANS The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically
significant (not due to chance).
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,One-tailed test - ANS A hypothesis test in which rejection of the null hypothesis occurs for
values of the test statistic in one tail of its sampling distribution.
Unbiased estimator - ANS A sample statistic which has an expected value equal to the value
of the population parameter
Suppose a population of blue whales is 8000. Researchers are able to garnish a sample of
oceanic movements from 100 blue whales within the population. Thus, ___. -
ANS Researchers can ignore the finite population correction factor
In a sample proportion, represented by p = x/n, what does X refer to? - ANS # of successes in
the sample
What is needed to compute posterior probabilities? - ANS The sum of all the P(sj and li)'s,
likelihood probabilities, p (li/sj)
Doing Inferential Statistics - ANS The process of using sample statistics to draw conclusions
about population parameters is called
The confidence level - ANS Measures the proportion of times an estimation procedure will be
correct in the long run
Sample space - ANS The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment
Prior Probabilities - ANS Initial estimates of the probabilities of events
The standard error of the sample mean - ANS standard deviation of the distribution of the
sample means , Standard deviation/sq rt (population size)
Business Statistics - ANS The collection, summarization, analysis, and reporting of numerical
findings relevant to a business decision or situation
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Mean - ANS Average
Measure of Variability - ANS How closely scores bunch up around the central point; a statistic
that indicates the spread of distribution
Median - ANS The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are
below it
Three concepts that a statistical inference problem contains - ANS The population, the
sample, and the statistical inference
Parameter - ANS A descriptive measure of a population
Statistic - ANS A number that describes a sample
Confidence level - ANS Proportion of times that an estimating procedure will be correct
Confidence level + significance level - ANS =1
Simple Random Sampling - ANS A sampling procedure in which each member of the
population has an equal probability of being included in the sample. (example - tickets in a bin
each assigned a number)
Stratified Random Sampling - ANS Obtained by separating the population into mutually
exclusive sets of data (strata) then drawing a simple random sample from each stratum
Cluster Sampling - ANS Random sample of the groups or clusters of elements versus a simple
random sample of individual objects
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
TECHNIQUES AND STATISTICS_NEW
MASTER SET. EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Experimental - ANS doing an experiment with a control group and a experiment group
A company developed a smartphone whose average lifetime is unknown. In order to estimate
the average, 200 smartphones are randomly selected from a large production line and tested;
their average is found to be 5 years. The 200 smartphones represent: - ANS A sample
Significance level - ANS Measures the reliability of a statistical inference
Design of a good survey components - ANS Short survey, short/simple questions, start with
demographic questions, uses dichotomous (yes-no) and multiple choice
Direct observation - ANS example: counts backpacks on campus for a day
Joint Probability - ANS The probability of the intersection of two events
Marginal Probability - ANS The probability of a single event without consideration of any
other event
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Bayes Law - ANS Calculates posterior probability
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) - ANS The name of the theorem stating that the sampling
distribution of a statistic (e.g. x ) is approximately normal whenever the sample is large and
random. Allows us to draw conclusions about the population based on strictly sample data.
Sampling distribution of the mean - ANS 1. the sampling distribution of the mean has a
different mean from the original population
2. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is referred to as the standard
deviation
3. if the original population is not normally distributed, the sampling of the mean will be normal
Suppose you are given 3 numbers that relate to the number of people in a university sample.
The three numbers are 10,20,30. If the standard deviation is 10, the standard error equals___ . -
ANS 5.77
To find the standard deviation, find the mean of the data set ( 10, 20, 30) then calculate in excel.
Watch video Bozeman Science Standard Error
Find the sample standard deviation of 5, 10, 15 and 20. - ANS 6.45
Type 1 error - ANS Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true
Type 11 error - ANS False negative
Type 1 error criminal - ANS Innocent person is wrongly convicted
P-value - ANS The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically
significant (not due to chance).
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,One-tailed test - ANS A hypothesis test in which rejection of the null hypothesis occurs for
values of the test statistic in one tail of its sampling distribution.
Unbiased estimator - ANS A sample statistic which has an expected value equal to the value
of the population parameter
Suppose a population of blue whales is 8000. Researchers are able to garnish a sample of
oceanic movements from 100 blue whales within the population. Thus, ___. -
ANS Researchers can ignore the finite population correction factor
In a sample proportion, represented by p = x/n, what does X refer to? - ANS # of successes in
the sample
What is needed to compute posterior probabilities? - ANS The sum of all the P(sj and li)'s,
likelihood probabilities, p (li/sj)
Doing Inferential Statistics - ANS The process of using sample statistics to draw conclusions
about population parameters is called
The confidence level - ANS Measures the proportion of times an estimation procedure will be
correct in the long run
Sample space - ANS The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment
Prior Probabilities - ANS Initial estimates of the probabilities of events
The standard error of the sample mean - ANS standard deviation of the distribution of the
sample means , Standard deviation/sq rt (population size)
Business Statistics - ANS The collection, summarization, analysis, and reporting of numerical
findings relevant to a business decision or situation
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Mean - ANS Average
Measure of Variability - ANS How closely scores bunch up around the central point; a statistic
that indicates the spread of distribution
Median - ANS The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are
below it
Three concepts that a statistical inference problem contains - ANS The population, the
sample, and the statistical inference
Parameter - ANS A descriptive measure of a population
Statistic - ANS A number that describes a sample
Confidence level - ANS Proportion of times that an estimating procedure will be correct
Confidence level + significance level - ANS =1
Simple Random Sampling - ANS A sampling procedure in which each member of the
population has an equal probability of being included in the sample. (example - tickets in a bin
each assigned a number)
Stratified Random Sampling - ANS Obtained by separating the population into mutually
exclusive sets of data (strata) then drawing a simple random sample from each stratum
Cluster Sampling - ANS Random sample of the groups or clusters of elements versus a simple
random sample of individual objects
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
