1|Page
HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by
endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion - ANSWER-d. They cross by diffusion
Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of
anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-a. Protein synthesis
Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible
for maintaining cell volume?
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a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters - ANSWER-c. The
sodium-potassium pump
Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER-d. Failure of
the sodium-potassium pump
A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after
a prolonged period of bed rest. This is most likely caused by:
a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
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d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles - ANSWER-a. Atrophy of her
leg muscles
Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to
occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia - ANSWER-c. Atrophy
What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep
sea divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the
cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the
RBCs from carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and
resulting in ischemia - ANSWER-d. Gas bubbles from in the
blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia
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Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern
if found on a biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Hyperplasia
d. Atrophy - ANSWER-a. Dysplasia
Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is
synthesized from single stranded DNA?
a. Sense stranding
b. Replication
c. Translation
D. Transcription - ANSWER-d. Transcription
Which of the following is not one of the 4 cell types found in adult
humans?
a. Epithelium
b. Connective tissue
HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED||
By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by
endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion - ANSWER-d. They cross by diffusion
Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of
anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-a. Protein synthesis
Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible
for maintaining cell volume?
,2|Page
a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters - ANSWER-c. The
sodium-potassium pump
Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER-d. Failure of
the sodium-potassium pump
A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after
a prolonged period of bed rest. This is most likely caused by:
a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
,3|Page
d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles - ANSWER-a. Atrophy of her
leg muscles
Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to
occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia - ANSWER-c. Atrophy
What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep
sea divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the
cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the
RBCs from carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and
resulting in ischemia - ANSWER-d. Gas bubbles from in the
blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia
, 4|Page
Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern
if found on a biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Hyperplasia
d. Atrophy - ANSWER-a. Dysplasia
Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is
synthesized from single stranded DNA?
a. Sense stranding
b. Replication
c. Translation
D. Transcription - ANSWER-d. Transcription
Which of the following is not one of the 4 cell types found in adult
humans?
a. Epithelium
b. Connective tissue
