Criminology Today: An Integrative
ST
Introduction – 8th Edition
INSTRUCTOR’S
UV
IA
MANUAL & TEST
_A
BANK
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
VE
Comprehensive Instructor Resource for Instructors
and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger.
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
©MEDGEEK
, Contents
To the Instructor 4
ST
Syllabi 5
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? 9
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? 24
UV
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought 38
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior 55
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives 66
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior 79
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories 97
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development 111
IA
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories 132
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization 148
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons 162
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property 180
_A
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime 196
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes 212
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime 227
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism 240
PP
Testbank 252
RO
VE
D?
??
3
, Chapter 1
What is Criminology?
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can
be defined in a variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the
UV
legalistic, political, sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic
approach, which sees crime as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the
federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach
does have some limitations, however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives
on crime.
IA
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the members
_A
of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural society,
consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the pluralist
perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political process
after debate over the appropriate course of action.
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
PP
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
RO
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most) forms
of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
VE
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
D?
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main perspectives
popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the social responsibility
perspective. Recently the social responsibility perspective has had a substantial influence on
??
national crime control policy.
9
, Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and
participants. Crime is seen as a social event rather than an isolated individual activity. The
criminal event is the result of the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, the criminal
ST
justice system, the victim, and the general public (society). Background and foreground features
or inputs provided by each contributor are discussed. In addition, each crime has consequences,
or outputs, which affect not only the victim and offender but also society and the criminal justice
system. These consequences may be immediate or more long-term.
The text recognizes the primacy of sociology: the belief that the primary perspective from
UV
which many contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one. However, not all
criminologists agree with this perspective and new and emerging perspectives are being developed.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
IA
After reading this chapter, students should be able to answer the following questions:
• What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has chosen to
use?
• What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
_A
• Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
• What is the theme of this chapter? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it build?
• What does it mean to say that “criminal activity is diversely created and variously
interpreted”?
PP
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
RO
A. Discuss the popularity of prime time television crime shows and the public’s interest
in crime-related entertainment
B. Discuss the public’s fascination with the inexplicability of crime
II. What Is Crime?
VE
A. Explain that various definitional perspectives exist when one attempts to define crime
1. There are four perspectives: legal, political, sociological, and psychological
2. Perspective is important because it determines what assumptions are made
about how crime should be studied
D?
B. The legalistic perspective defines crime as “as human conduct in violation of the
criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power
to make such laws:
1. This is the definition and the perspective used in this text
??
2. Under this definition, immoral forms of behavior that are not contravened by
state statute are not recognized as crimes
10
ST
Introduction – 8th Edition
INSTRUCTOR’S
UV
IA
MANUAL & TEST
_A
BANK
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
VE
Comprehensive Instructor Resource for Instructors
and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger.
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
©MEDGEEK
, Contents
To the Instructor 4
ST
Syllabi 5
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? 9
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? 24
UV
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought 38
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior 55
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives 66
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior 79
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories 97
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development 111
IA
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories 132
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization 148
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons 162
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property 180
_A
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime 196
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes 212
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime 227
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism 240
PP
Testbank 252
RO
VE
D?
??
3
, Chapter 1
What is Criminology?
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can
be defined in a variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the
UV
legalistic, political, sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic
approach, which sees crime as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the
federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach
does have some limitations, however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives
on crime.
IA
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the members
_A
of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural society,
consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the pluralist
perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political process
after debate over the appropriate course of action.
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
PP
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
RO
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most) forms
of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
VE
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
D?
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main perspectives
popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the social responsibility
perspective. Recently the social responsibility perspective has had a substantial influence on
??
national crime control policy.
9
, Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences, and
participants. Crime is seen as a social event rather than an isolated individual activity. The
criminal event is the result of the coming together of inputs provided by the offender, the criminal
ST
justice system, the victim, and the general public (society). Background and foreground features
or inputs provided by each contributor are discussed. In addition, each crime has consequences,
or outputs, which affect not only the victim and offender but also society and the criminal justice
system. These consequences may be immediate or more long-term.
The text recognizes the primacy of sociology: the belief that the primary perspective from
UV
which many contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one. However, not all
criminologists agree with this perspective and new and emerging perspectives are being developed.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
IA
After reading this chapter, students should be able to answer the following questions:
• What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has chosen to
use?
• What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
_A
• Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
• What is the theme of this chapter? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it build?
• What does it mean to say that “criminal activity is diversely created and variously
interpreted”?
PP
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
RO
A. Discuss the popularity of prime time television crime shows and the public’s interest
in crime-related entertainment
B. Discuss the public’s fascination with the inexplicability of crime
II. What Is Crime?
VE
A. Explain that various definitional perspectives exist when one attempts to define crime
1. There are four perspectives: legal, political, sociological, and psychological
2. Perspective is important because it determines what assumptions are made
about how crime should be studied
D?
B. The legalistic perspective defines crime as “as human conduct in violation of the
criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power
to make such laws:
1. This is the definition and the perspective used in this text
??
2. Under this definition, immoral forms of behavior that are not contravened by
state statute are not recognized as crimes
10
