NURS 5315: Advanced
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 2
Questions and Answers
1. HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay):
Can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate). Requires waiting until
12 weeks post-exposure to detect antibodies. Accuracy is >99%.
The 4th generation immunoassay:
"Gold standard"
Measures P24 antigen
Can test as early as 10 days post-exposure
Correct Answer: The 4th generation immunoassay measures P24
antigen and can test 10 days post-exposure.
Explanation: The 4th generation test detects both antibodies and
the p24 antigen, allowing earlier detection of HIV compared to
previous assays.
2. Mast cell:
Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue near blood
vessels. Activation initiates the inflammatory response.
Correct Answer: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective
tissue close to blood vessels.
Explanation: Mast cells contain histamine and other mediators, and
their activation triggers inflammation.
,3. Histamine:
Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and increases
blood flow to the injury site, leading to erythema and swelling.
Correct Answer: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability,
increases blood flow to the injury site, causes erythema and swelling.
Explanation: Histamine is a primary mediator in allergic and
inflammatory responses.
4. Cytokines:
Soluble factors regulating innate and adaptive immunity by affecting
neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory.
Responses can be quick or delayed.
Correct Answer: Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory; react
quickly or be delayed.
Explanation: Cytokines coordinate immune responses, acting as
messengers between cells.
5. Leukotrienes:
Released during mast cell degranulation; prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.
Correct Answer: Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes,
and eosinophils.
Explanation: Leukotrienes contribute to sustained inflammation and
bronchoconstriction.
,6. Prostaglandins:
Produced via the arachidonic pathway during mast cell degranulation.
Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at injury sites, pain, and fever.
Correct Answer: Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at injury site,
pain, and fever.
Explanation: They mediate various aspects of inflammation and pain.
7. Chemotactic factors:
Biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of
inflammation.
Correct Answer: Attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation.
Explanation: Chemotactic factors guide immune cells to areas needing
defense.
8. Neutrophils:
Predominant leukocytes during early stages of acute inflammation.
Correct Answer: Predominant leukocyte at work during early stages of
acute inflammation.
Explanation: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammatory
responses.
9. Monocytes:
Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages. Responsible for
presenting antigens to CD4 cells, triggering T-cell and B-cell immunity.
Release IL1, IL6, and TNF.
Correct Answer: Become macrophages and present antigens; release
, IL1, IL6, TNF.
Explanation: Monocytes are key in innate and adaptive immunity.
10. Cytokine IL1:
Causes fever, activates phagocytes and lymphocytes, and increases IL6
release.
Correct Answer: Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes,
increases IL6 release.
Explanation: IL1 is a key mediator in initiating inflammatory responses.
11. Cytokine IL6:
Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes growth
and stimulation of RBCs.
Correct Answer: Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes RBC growth.
Explanation: IL6 plays a central role in the acute-phase response.
12. Cytokine TNF:
Causes fever, increases synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins in the
liver, causes muscle wasting, and induces thrombosis.
Correct Answer: Causes fever, increases synthesis of pro-inflammatory
proteins, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis.
Explanation: TNF is a major cytokine in systemic inflammation.
13. Cytokine growth factor:
Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils.
Correct Answer: Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils.
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 2
Questions and Answers
1. HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay):
Can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate). Requires waiting until
12 weeks post-exposure to detect antibodies. Accuracy is >99%.
The 4th generation immunoassay:
"Gold standard"
Measures P24 antigen
Can test as early as 10 days post-exposure
Correct Answer: The 4th generation immunoassay measures P24
antigen and can test 10 days post-exposure.
Explanation: The 4th generation test detects both antibodies and
the p24 antigen, allowing earlier detection of HIV compared to
previous assays.
2. Mast cell:
Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue near blood
vessels. Activation initiates the inflammatory response.
Correct Answer: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective
tissue close to blood vessels.
Explanation: Mast cells contain histamine and other mediators, and
their activation triggers inflammation.
,3. Histamine:
Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and increases
blood flow to the injury site, leading to erythema and swelling.
Correct Answer: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability,
increases blood flow to the injury site, causes erythema and swelling.
Explanation: Histamine is a primary mediator in allergic and
inflammatory responses.
4. Cytokines:
Soluble factors regulating innate and adaptive immunity by affecting
neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory.
Responses can be quick or delayed.
Correct Answer: Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory; react
quickly or be delayed.
Explanation: Cytokines coordinate immune responses, acting as
messengers between cells.
5. Leukotrienes:
Released during mast cell degranulation; prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.
Correct Answer: Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes,
and eosinophils.
Explanation: Leukotrienes contribute to sustained inflammation and
bronchoconstriction.
,6. Prostaglandins:
Produced via the arachidonic pathway during mast cell degranulation.
Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at injury sites, pain, and fever.
Correct Answer: Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at injury site,
pain, and fever.
Explanation: They mediate various aspects of inflammation and pain.
7. Chemotactic factors:
Biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of
inflammation.
Correct Answer: Attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation.
Explanation: Chemotactic factors guide immune cells to areas needing
defense.
8. Neutrophils:
Predominant leukocytes during early stages of acute inflammation.
Correct Answer: Predominant leukocyte at work during early stages of
acute inflammation.
Explanation: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammatory
responses.
9. Monocytes:
Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages. Responsible for
presenting antigens to CD4 cells, triggering T-cell and B-cell immunity.
Release IL1, IL6, and TNF.
Correct Answer: Become macrophages and present antigens; release
, IL1, IL6, TNF.
Explanation: Monocytes are key in innate and adaptive immunity.
10. Cytokine IL1:
Causes fever, activates phagocytes and lymphocytes, and increases IL6
release.
Correct Answer: Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes,
increases IL6 release.
Explanation: IL1 is a key mediator in initiating inflammatory responses.
11. Cytokine IL6:
Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes growth
and stimulation of RBCs.
Correct Answer: Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes RBC growth.
Explanation: IL6 plays a central role in the acute-phase response.
12. Cytokine TNF:
Causes fever, increases synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins in the
liver, causes muscle wasting, and induces thrombosis.
Correct Answer: Causes fever, increases synthesis of pro-inflammatory
proteins, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis.
Explanation: TNF is a major cytokine in systemic inflammation.
13. Cytokine growth factor:
Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils.
Correct Answer: Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils.
