NUR 3310 Quiz 3 content Questions and Answers Graded A+
How is fluid balance monitored? - Answers osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
What happens when increased plasma osmolality is detected? - Answers The posterior PG
releases ADH, triggering the kidneys to retain fluid
What does increased osmolality cause? - Answers thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus
What is serum osmolality? - Answers is a test that measures the amount of chemicals dissolved
in the fluid portion of blood (serum).
What is the normal range of sodium? - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
What does elevated sodium imply? - Answers hypernatremia, dehydration, kidney disease,
hypercortisolism
What does low sodium mean? - Answers hyponatremia, fluid overload, liver disease, adrenal
insufficiency
What is the range for Potassium? - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What does elevated K+ mean? - Answers hyperkalemia, dehydration, kidney disease, acidosis,
adrenal insufficiency, crush injuries
What does low K+ mean? - Answers Hypokalemia, fluid overload, diuretic therapy, alkalosis,
insulin administration, hyperaldosteronism
What is the normal range for Ca? - Answers 9-10.5 mg/dL
What does elevated Ca mean? - Answers hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism
What does low Ca mean? - Answers hypokalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, hypothyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease, excessive intake of phosphorus
What is the range for Chloride? - Answers 98-106 mEq/L
What does elevated Chloride imply? - Answers hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, hyercortisolism
What does low Chloride imply? - Answers hypochloremia, fluid overload, excessive vomiting or
diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency, diuretic therapy
What is the range for Magnesium? - Answers 1.8-2.6 mEq/L
What does high Mg imply? - Answers hypermagnesemia, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism,
adrenal insufficiency
, What does low Mg imply? - Answers Hypomagnesemia, malnutrition, alcoholism, ketoacidosis
What is the range for osmolarity? - Answers 270-300 mOsm/L
What does high osmolarity imply? - Answers dehydration, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia
What does low osmolarity imply? - Answers fluid overload, hyponatremia, malnutrition
What is fluid excess? - Answers hypervolemia •Fluid intake or retention is greater than output
What conditions see fluid excess? - Answers •CHF, CKD, polydipsia, SIADH, etc
What are signs of fluid excess? - Answers •Peripheral edema, JVD crackles, dyspnea, weight
gain, weeping skin
•Elevated BP and bounding pulse
What is fluid deficit? - Answers hypovolemia, •Fluid intake or retention is less than output
What conditions cause fluid deficit? - Answers •Dehydration, GI issues, fever, burns, DI, etc.
What are signs of fluid deficit? - Answers •Dry cracked skin, poor turgor, prolonged capillary refill,
sunken eyes/fontanelle
•Hypotension, weak rapid pulse
What causes electrolyte changes? - Answers •Malnutrition, GI loss, renal function
What does sodium mostly affect? - Answers brain and cognition
What does K+ mostly affect? - Answers cardiac and musculoskeletal function
What do Ca/Mg/Phos impact? - Answers cardiovascular function
What is a normal urine output (formula)? - Answers (0.5-1.5 mL/kg/hr)
What is a normal urine output per hour? - Answers 30 ml
What lab tests are run for fluid status? - Answers -BUN, Cr, serum osmolality, urine specific
gravity, Hematocrit
What are common assessment findings for altered fluid status? - Answers JVD, bounding pulse,
crackles
What is a hypertonic solution? - Answers The solution has a higher solute concentration than
the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze
What is isotonic? - Answers has equal amounts of solute
How is fluid balance monitored? - Answers osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
What happens when increased plasma osmolality is detected? - Answers The posterior PG
releases ADH, triggering the kidneys to retain fluid
What does increased osmolality cause? - Answers thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus
What is serum osmolality? - Answers is a test that measures the amount of chemicals dissolved
in the fluid portion of blood (serum).
What is the normal range of sodium? - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
What does elevated sodium imply? - Answers hypernatremia, dehydration, kidney disease,
hypercortisolism
What does low sodium mean? - Answers hyponatremia, fluid overload, liver disease, adrenal
insufficiency
What is the range for Potassium? - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What does elevated K+ mean? - Answers hyperkalemia, dehydration, kidney disease, acidosis,
adrenal insufficiency, crush injuries
What does low K+ mean? - Answers Hypokalemia, fluid overload, diuretic therapy, alkalosis,
insulin administration, hyperaldosteronism
What is the normal range for Ca? - Answers 9-10.5 mg/dL
What does elevated Ca mean? - Answers hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism
What does low Ca mean? - Answers hypokalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, hypothyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease, excessive intake of phosphorus
What is the range for Chloride? - Answers 98-106 mEq/L
What does elevated Chloride imply? - Answers hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, hyercortisolism
What does low Chloride imply? - Answers hypochloremia, fluid overload, excessive vomiting or
diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency, diuretic therapy
What is the range for Magnesium? - Answers 1.8-2.6 mEq/L
What does high Mg imply? - Answers hypermagnesemia, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism,
adrenal insufficiency
, What does low Mg imply? - Answers Hypomagnesemia, malnutrition, alcoholism, ketoacidosis
What is the range for osmolarity? - Answers 270-300 mOsm/L
What does high osmolarity imply? - Answers dehydration, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia
What does low osmolarity imply? - Answers fluid overload, hyponatremia, malnutrition
What is fluid excess? - Answers hypervolemia •Fluid intake or retention is greater than output
What conditions see fluid excess? - Answers •CHF, CKD, polydipsia, SIADH, etc
What are signs of fluid excess? - Answers •Peripheral edema, JVD crackles, dyspnea, weight
gain, weeping skin
•Elevated BP and bounding pulse
What is fluid deficit? - Answers hypovolemia, •Fluid intake or retention is less than output
What conditions cause fluid deficit? - Answers •Dehydration, GI issues, fever, burns, DI, etc.
What are signs of fluid deficit? - Answers •Dry cracked skin, poor turgor, prolonged capillary refill,
sunken eyes/fontanelle
•Hypotension, weak rapid pulse
What causes electrolyte changes? - Answers •Malnutrition, GI loss, renal function
What does sodium mostly affect? - Answers brain and cognition
What does K+ mostly affect? - Answers cardiac and musculoskeletal function
What do Ca/Mg/Phos impact? - Answers cardiovascular function
What is a normal urine output (formula)? - Answers (0.5-1.5 mL/kg/hr)
What is a normal urine output per hour? - Answers 30 ml
What lab tests are run for fluid status? - Answers -BUN, Cr, serum osmolality, urine specific
gravity, Hematocrit
What are common assessment findings for altered fluid status? - Answers JVD, bounding pulse,
crackles
What is a hypertonic solution? - Answers The solution has a higher solute concentration than
the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze
What is isotonic? - Answers has equal amounts of solute
