NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
Nucleus - (answer) contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of
the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity
What 4 elements is DNA composed of? - (answer) 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - (answer) RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs)
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - (answer) Chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - (answer) -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located
near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called
secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - (answer) maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - (answer) hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive species
,NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
Mitochondria - (answer) - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
How does a virus get into a cell? - (answer) -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
Diffusion - (answer) passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion - (answer) -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - (answer) -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - (answer) neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, red
blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
Main types of cell death? - (answer) apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - (answer) a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - (answer) characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondrial dysfunction
, NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - (answer) hypoxia
atrophy - (answer) cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - (answer) physiologic atrophy
Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism - (answer) a reduction of ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail, which leads to intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then
can center the cell freely and cellular swelling results
pathologic atrohy - (answer) occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
hypertophy - (answer) increase in size of cell
Hyperplasia - (answer) increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
metaplasia - (answer) replacement of cells with a different type
Free Radical - (answer) an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
this unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
and carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Ethanol and cellular injury - (answer) in chronic alcoholism
liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction
DETAILED ANSWERS
Nucleus - (answer) contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of
the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity
What 4 elements is DNA composed of? - (answer) 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - (answer) RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPCs)
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - (answer) Chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - (answer) -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located
near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called
secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - (answer) maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - (answer) hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive species
,NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
Mitochondria - (answer) - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
How does a virus get into a cell? - (answer) -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
Diffusion - (answer) passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion - (answer) -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - (answer) -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - (answer) neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle cells, red
blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
Main types of cell death? - (answer) apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - (answer) a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - (answer) characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling,
mitochondrial dysfunction
, NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM 2023-2024 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - (answer) hypoxia
atrophy - (answer) cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - (answer) physiologic atrophy
Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism - (answer) a reduction of ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail, which leads to intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then
can center the cell freely and cellular swelling results
pathologic atrohy - (answer) occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
hypertophy - (answer) increase in size of cell
Hyperplasia - (answer) increase in number of cells
compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
metaplasia - (answer) replacement of cells with a different type
Free Radical - (answer) an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.
this unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
and carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Ethanol and cellular injury - (answer) in chronic alcoholism
liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction
