bio 200 exam 4 with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
differentiation - correct answer✔✔The process by which cells take on different specialized ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
roles.
all fates possible (stem cell) -> mitosis -> signal -> construction -> role determination
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(different gene expression) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell-cell signaling causes different sets of transcription cfactors to be produced in carious cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
throughout the embryo resulting in differential gene expression and differentiation.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
do differentiated cells have the same DNA? - correct answer✔✔yes (they are different
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
because of differences in gene expression) [there might also be some mutations that make
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
them slightly different] ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zygote - correct answer✔✔fertilized egg ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
has all possible DNA, not all genes are being expressed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zygotic mitosis - correct answer✔✔different genes turn on and off||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
axis oriented (can go in different directions)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
different sized cells can be made ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
goes from a 2D to 3D structure ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,not all cells are going through mitosis all the time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when a cell releases a signal... - correct answer✔✔Different cells might have or not have the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
receptor
||\\//||
for this signal. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
More of this signal will go to nearby cells, and less of this signal will make it to cells farther
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
away.
Hox genes - correct answer✔✔help make the final structure, transcription factor, turns on
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
big pieces of the body plan.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
helps a cell in a certain area become the right type of cell. A cell in your eye becomes an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
eye cell. You don't want leg genes turning on in your eye
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
similarities between species ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organogenesis - correct answer✔✔organs are formed and connected to other organs. when ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a stem cell divides, one daughter cell stays a stem cell and one differentiates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells divide, move, differentiate, and assemble into tissues and organs using instructions from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the genetic code int eh genome and signals from other cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mesodermal cells form the notochord a after gastrulation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
singals form notochord cause ectoderm to foldand form the neural tube
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
neural tube runs along the spine and gives rise to the brain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, mesodermal cells near notochord are organized into somites which give rise to muscle and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
skin and skeleton. somite cells break away in groups and migrate to their final locations.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
many cells in the notochord undergo apoptosis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis - correct answer✔✔programmed cell death for: damaged cells, forming shapes, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and infected cells
||\\//|| ||\\//||
caspase destroys many proteins in the cell, and eventually the cytoskeleton
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ETC is disrupted when cyt c is removed from the mitochondria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell turns into a bunch of vesicles that go to other cells for recycling
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
positive feedback of caspase (caspase activates caspase) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
specific molecular interactions between immune cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lipid soluble signals - correct answer✔✔easily diffuse through membranes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
no transport proteins are needed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will go into all cells (not specific)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
molecules must be made of lipid soluble materials (limits constructural diversity) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
differentiation - correct answer✔✔The process by which cells take on different specialized ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
roles.
all fates possible (stem cell) -> mitosis -> signal -> construction -> role determination
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(different gene expression) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell-cell signaling causes different sets of transcription cfactors to be produced in carious cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
throughout the embryo resulting in differential gene expression and differentiation.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
do differentiated cells have the same DNA? - correct answer✔✔yes (they are different
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
because of differences in gene expression) [there might also be some mutations that make
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
them slightly different] ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zygote - correct answer✔✔fertilized egg ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
has all possible DNA, not all genes are being expressed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zygotic mitosis - correct answer✔✔different genes turn on and off||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
axis oriented (can go in different directions)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
different sized cells can be made ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
goes from a 2D to 3D structure ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,not all cells are going through mitosis all the time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
when a cell releases a signal... - correct answer✔✔Different cells might have or not have the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
receptor
||\\//||
for this signal. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
More of this signal will go to nearby cells, and less of this signal will make it to cells farther
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
away.
Hox genes - correct answer✔✔help make the final structure, transcription factor, turns on
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
big pieces of the body plan.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
helps a cell in a certain area become the right type of cell. A cell in your eye becomes an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
eye cell. You don't want leg genes turning on in your eye
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
similarities between species ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organogenesis - correct answer✔✔organs are formed and connected to other organs. when ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a stem cell divides, one daughter cell stays a stem cell and one differentiates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cells divide, move, differentiate, and assemble into tissues and organs using instructions from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the genetic code int eh genome and signals from other cells
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
mesodermal cells form the notochord a after gastrulation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
singals form notochord cause ectoderm to foldand form the neural tube
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
neural tube runs along the spine and gives rise to the brain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, mesodermal cells near notochord are organized into somites which give rise to muscle and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
skin and skeleton. somite cells break away in groups and migrate to their final locations.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
many cells in the notochord undergo apoptosis
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
apoptosis - correct answer✔✔programmed cell death for: damaged cells, forming shapes, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and infected cells
||\\//|| ||\\//||
caspase destroys many proteins in the cell, and eventually the cytoskeleton
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ETC is disrupted when cyt c is removed from the mitochondria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cell turns into a bunch of vesicles that go to other cells for recycling
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
positive feedback of caspase (caspase activates caspase) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
specific molecular interactions between immune cells ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lipid soluble signals - correct answer✔✔easily diffuse through membranes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
no transport proteins are needed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will go into all cells (not specific)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
molecules must be made of lipid soluble materials (limits constructural diversity) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
