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,TABLE OF CONTENTnm nm
Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics ...................................................................................................................... 3
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Chapter 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction ........................................................................................ 15
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Chapter 03: Basic Principles of Heredity.............................................................................................................. 32
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Chapter 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ........................................................................... 59
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Chapter 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ................................................................ 98
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Chapter 06: Chromosome Variation .................................................................................................................... 115
nm nm nm
Chapter 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems .............................................................................................. 139
nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene ........................................................................................ 152
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Chapter 09: DNA Replication and Recombination ............................................................................................. 181
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Chapter 10: From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing ......................................................... 198
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Chapter 11: From DNA to Proteins: Translation ................................................................................................ 224
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Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................................ 244
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Chapter 13: Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .......................................................... 278
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Chapter 14: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ............................................................................. 298
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Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics ............................................................................................................... 314
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Chapter 16: Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................... 332
nm nm nm
Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics....................................................................................................................... 346
nm nm nm
Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ............................................................................................ 366
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,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
nm nm nm nm
1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people. Howev
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
er, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona. Explain in te
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most human populations.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos don’t produce
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm n
melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging effects of sunlight. Also,
m nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor eyesight. Finally, in most cultures albi
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
nos are seen as abnormal, and they are not normally sought out for marriage and mating. Therefor
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e, in most populations the alleles that cause albinism are selected against, and they decrease in freq
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
uency or are kept at a low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people. Howev
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
er, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona. Explain in te
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common among the Hopis of Black Mesa.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this culture, albinos
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they often occupy positions of leade
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rship. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a sign of purity of Hopi blood in the communit
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
y.
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their sensitivity to
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women during the daytime. This
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other men of the village. Therefore, the a
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
lleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not selected against as s
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
trongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher frequency.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the phenomenon
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
is INCORRECT?
nm
a. evolution—population genetics nm
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
nm nm
c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
nm nm nm
d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics nm nm nm nm nm
e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission genetics
nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: e nm
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles nm nm nm nm
b. mechanism of DNA replication nm nm nm
c. gene expression patternsnm nm
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: a nm
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
c. locus.
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, d. genome.
e. phenotype.
ANSWER: d nm
6. Identify a TRUE statement from the following descriptions concerning genetics.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
b. Bacteria and viruses are not useful in studying genes and inheritance because they are structural
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ly and metabolically different from eukaryotic cells.
nm nm nm nm nm nm
c. Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
of Species.
nm
d. Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, are determined by more than a single gene.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e. Evolution can occur without genetic changes in the population.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: d nm
7. Identify a FALSE statement from the following descriptions of genetics.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between approximatel
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
y 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.
nm nm nm nm nm
b. Some viruses use RNA to carry their genetic information.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
c. Albinism results from a mutation in the genes that control the synthesis and storage of melanin.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
d. All human traits that display blending inheritance are affected by a single gene.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e. The process by which genetic information is copied and decoded is similar for all forms of life.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: d nm
8. Which of the following species is considered a model genetic organism?
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. the plant Linaria vulgaris
nm nm nm
b. the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
nm nm nm nm
c. the worm Caenorhabditis elegans
nm nm nm
d. the frog Hyla chrysoscelis
nm nm nm
e. the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
nm nm nm
ANSWER: c
nm nm
9. Which of the following would serve the LEAST well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
of inheritance?
nm
a. fruit flies nm
b. humans
c. yeast
d. mice
e. zebrafish
ANSWER: b nm
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. Each subdiscipline of genetics is very specific as to what is explored and does not overlap with the
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
www.PlusBay.Plus
,TABLE OF CONTENTnm nm
Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics ...................................................................................................................... 3
nm nm nm nm
Chapter 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction ........................................................................................ 15
nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 03: Basic Principles of Heredity.............................................................................................................. 32
nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ........................................................................... 59
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ................................................................ 98
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 06: Chromosome Variation .................................................................................................................... 115
nm nm nm
Chapter 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems .............................................................................................. 139
nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene ........................................................................................ 152
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 09: DNA Replication and Recombination ............................................................................................. 181
nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 10: From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing ......................................................... 198
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 11: From DNA to Proteins: Translation ................................................................................................ 224
nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................................ 244
nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 13: Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .......................................................... 278
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 14: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ............................................................................. 298
nm nm nm nm nm nm
Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics ............................................................................................................... 314
nm nm nm nm
Chapter 16: Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................... 332
nm nm nm
Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics....................................................................................................................... 346
nm nm nm
Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ............................................................................................ 366
nm nm nm nm nm
www.PlusBay.Plus
,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
nm nm nm nm
1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people. Howev
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
er, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona. Explain in te
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most human populations.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos don’t produce
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm n
melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging effects of sunlight. Also,
m nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor eyesight. Finally, in most cultures albi
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
nos are seen as abnormal, and they are not normally sought out for marriage and mating. Therefor
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e, in most populations the alleles that cause albinism are selected against, and they decrease in freq
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
uency or are kept at a low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people. Howev
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
er, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona. Explain in te
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common among the Hopis of Black Mesa.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this culture, albinos
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they often occupy positions of leade
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
rship. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a sign of purity of Hopi blood in the communit
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
y.
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their sensitivity to
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women during the daytime. This
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other men of the village. Therefore, the a
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
lleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not selected against as s
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
trongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher frequency.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the phenomenon
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
is INCORRECT?
nm
a. evolution—population genetics nm
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
nm nm
c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
nm nm nm
d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics nm nm nm nm nm
e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission genetics
nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: e nm
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles nm nm nm nm
b. mechanism of DNA replication nm nm nm
c. gene expression patternsnm nm
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: a nm
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
c. locus.
www.PlusBay.Plus
, d. genome.
e. phenotype.
ANSWER: d nm
6. Identify a TRUE statement from the following descriptions concerning genetics.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
b. Bacteria and viruses are not useful in studying genes and inheritance because they are structural
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ly and metabolically different from eukaryotic cells.
nm nm nm nm nm nm
c. Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
of Species.
nm
d. Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, are determined by more than a single gene.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e. Evolution can occur without genetic changes in the population.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: d nm
7. Identify a FALSE statement from the following descriptions of genetics.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between approximatel
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
y 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.
nm nm nm nm nm
b. Some viruses use RNA to carry their genetic information.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
c. Albinism results from a mutation in the genes that control the synthesis and storage of melanin.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
d. All human traits that display blending inheritance are affected by a single gene.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
e. The process by which genetic information is copied and decoded is similar for all forms of life.
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
ANSWER: d nm
8. Which of the following species is considered a model genetic organism?
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. the plant Linaria vulgaris
nm nm nm
b. the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
nm nm nm nm
c. the worm Caenorhabditis elegans
nm nm nm
d. the frog Hyla chrysoscelis
nm nm nm
e. the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
nm nm nm
ANSWER: c
nm nm
9. Which of the following would serve the LEAST well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
of inheritance?
nm
a. fruit flies nm
b. humans
c. yeast
d. mice
e. zebrafish
ANSWER: b nm
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
nm nm nm nm nm nm
a. Each subdiscipline of genetics is very specific as to what is explored and does not overlap with the
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
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