MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL, SIXTH EDITION
h h h h h h
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
h h h
©hGarlandhScienceh2015
1.
Scientistshdiscoverhmorehthanhtenhthousandhnewhspecieshofhlivinghorganismsheveryhyear.hW
hathishsharedhbetweenhallhofhthesehorganisms?
A. Theyharehmadehofhcells,hwhosehnucleihenclosehtheirhDNA.
B. Theyhobtainhtheirhenergyhfromhsunlight.
C. Theyhproducehandhusehadenosinehtriphosphateh(ATP).
D. Theirhgenomehcontainshathleasth1000hgenes.
E. Allhofhthehabove.
2. Allhcellsh…
A. havehmembranehtransporthproteins.
B. synthesizehproteinshonhthehribosome.
C. replicatehtheirhgenomehbyhDNAhpolymerization.
D. transcribehtheirhgenetichinformationhbyhRNAhpolymerization.
E. Allhofhthehabove.
3.
ImaginehahsegmenthofhDNAh(withinhahgene)hencodinghahcertainhamounthofhinformationhinhits
hnucleotidehsequence.hWhenhthishsegmenthishfullyhtranscribedhintohmRNAhandhthenhtranslatedhintoh
protein,hinhgeneral,h…
A.
thehproteinhsequencehwouldhcarryhmorehinformationhcomparedhtohthehDNAhandhmR
NAhsequences,hbecausehitshalphabethhash20hletters.
B.
thehproteinhsequencehwouldhcarryhlesshinformationhcomparedhtohthehDNAhandhmRN
Ahsequences,hbecausehseveralhcodonshcanhcorrespondhtohonehaminohacid.
C.
thehamounthofhinformationhinhthehmRNAhsequencehishlower,hbecausehthehmRNAhhas
hbeenhtranscribedhusinghonlyhonehofhthehDNAhstrandshashthehtemplate.
, D.
thehamounthofhinformationhinhthehmRNAhsequencehishhigher,hbecausehseveralhmRN
AhmoleculeshcanhbehtranscribedhfromhonehDNAhmolecule.
4.
WhichhofhthehfollowinghprocesseshthathhappenshinsidehahcellhDOEShNOThnormallyhrequireh
consumptionhofhfreehenergyhbyhthehcell?
A. Replicationhofhthehgenetichmaterial
B. Importhofhnutrientshfromhthehenvironment
C. Diffusionhofhsmallhmoleculeshwithinhthehcell
D. Regulationhofhgenehexpression
E. Synthesishofhenzymeshthathcatalyzehcellularhreactions
5. WhichhofhthehfollowinghwouldhyouhNOThexpecthtohfindhinhahbacterialhcell?
A. Swimminghusinghflagella
B. Havinghahcellhwallharoundhthehplasmahmembrane
C. ATPhproductionhinhmitochondria
D. Proteinhproductionhonhthehribosome
E. SexualhexchangehofhDNAhwithhotherhbacteria
6.
hTohtracehfamilyhrelationshipshbetweenhdistantlyhrelatedhorganismshsuchhashhumans,halgae,hb
acteria,handharchaea,honehshouldhcomparehtheirhgenomeshinhregionsh…
A. thathevolvehrapidly.
B. thathhavehahhigherhmutationhrate.
C. thathcodehforhproteins.
D. wherehmutationsharehhardlyhtolerated.
E. wherehmosthmutationsharehselectivelyhneutral.
7.
LaboratoryhstrainshofhthehmodelhorganismhEscherichiahcolihthatharehresistanthtohantibioticsh
h
arehveryhoftenhusedhinhresearchhlaboratorieshashwellhashinhthehbiotechnologyhindustry.hIfhcultureshofhs
uchhbacteriahwerehallowedhtohcontaminatehthehenvironmenthuncontrollably,hithishpossiblehthathathso
mehpoint,hpathogenichbacteriahsuchhashNeisseriahmeningitidish(whichhcauseshmeningitishandhcanhca
usehdeath,hespeciallyhinhchildren)hcouldhacquirehthehsamehantibiotic-
resistancehgene,hcausinghahmeningitishoutbreakhthathishdifficulthtohtreat.hInhthishscenario,hwhichhofhth
,ehfollowinghmechanismshishahmorehlikelyhsourcehofhthehantibiotic-
resistancehgenehinhN.hmeningitidis?
A. Randomhnewhgenehgeneration
B. Intragenichmutation
C. Genehduplication
D. DNAhsegmenthshuffling
E. Horizontalhgenehtransfer
8. Ahvirush…
A. ishahtypehofhcell.
B. hashgenetichmaterialhmadehofhproteins.
C. canhonlyhinfecthahsinglehhosthspecies.
D. canhacthashahvectorhforhgenehtransfer.
E. cannothpersisthinhitshhosthforhmorehthanhonehcellhgeneration.h
9. WhichhofhthehfollowinghdoeshNOThtypicallyhinvolvehhorizontalhgenehtransfer?h
A. Sexualhreproductionhinhhumans
B. Bacteriophagehinfectionhofhbacteria
C. Thehevolutionaryhhistoryhofhtheheukaryotichcell
D.
Thehaccidentalhduplicationhofhahsmallhregionhofhahbacterialhchromosomehfollowedhb
yhcellhdivision
E. Introductionhofhplasmidshintohbacteriahinhahlaboratoryh
10.
Genehduplicationhcanhgivehrisehtohhomologoushgeneshthatharehparthofhgenehfamilies.hForhexa
mple,hthereharehsixhactinhgeneshinhthehgenomehofhmosthmammalianhspecies.hInhhumans,hthehACTBhg
ene,hwhichhencodeshahcytoskeletalhactin,hishexpressedhubiquitously,hwhilehACTC1hishexpressedhmai
nlyhinhcardiachcells.hAlthoughhbacteriahlackhtheheukaryotichcytoskeletalhorganization,hthehbacterialh
MreBhgenehbearshrecognizablehsequencehsimilarityhtohmammalianhactinhgeneshandhcodeshforhahprote
inhthathishsimilarhtohactinhinhstructurehandhfunction.hWhichhofhthehfollowinghstatementshishtruehabouth
thesehgenes?
A. ACTBhishhomologoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
B. ACTBhishorthologoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
C. ACTBhishparalogoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
D. MreBhishorthologoushtohACTBhbuthnothtohACTC1.
, E. ACTBhishparalogoushtohbothhACTC1handhMreB.
11. Outhofhnearlyh5000hprotein-
codinghgenehfamilies,htherehishahsethofhnearlyh300hconservedhgenehfamilieshthatharehfoundhinhspeciesh
fromhallhdomainshofhlife.hWhenhonehlookshaththehgeneralhfunctionshassignedhtohthesehgenehfamilies,hi
thishfoundhthath…
A. thehmajorityhofhthemhfunctionhinhcell-to-cellhsignaling.
B. thehmajorityhofhthemharehpoorlyhcharacterized.
C. morehthanhone-
thirdhofhthemharehinvolvedhinhtranslationhorhaminohacidhtransporthandhmetabolism.
D. morehthanhone-
halfhofhthehsharedhfamiliesharehinvolvedhinhDNAhreplicationhandhtranscription.
E. Nearlyhallhofhthemharehinvolvedhinhenergyhproductionhandhcarbohydratehmetabolism.
12. WhichhofhthehfollowinghishtruehregardinghEscherichiahcoli?
A. Mosthofhourhunderstandinghabouthmitosishcomeshfromhstudieshonhthishmodelhorganism.
B. Ithishahrod-
shapedhbacteriumhthathcanhonlyhgrowhinhthehguthofhhumanshandhotherhvertebrates.
C. TwohstrainshofhE.hcolihcanhdifferhbyhuphtoh0.1%hinhtheirhgenomes.
D. E.hcolihstrainhK-12hencodeshabouth4300hproteins.
E. ThehE.hcolih(strainhK-12)hgenomehishabouth430hmillionhnucleotidehpairshlong.
13. WhichhofhthehfollowinghishNOThtruehregardinghthehtreehofhlife?
A. Mosthbacteriahandharchaeahhaveh1000htoh6000hgeneshinhtheirhgenomes.
B.
Eukaryotesharehmorehsimilarhtoharchaeahthanhtohbacteriahwithhrespecthtohthehproteinsh
thathacthonhtheirhDNA.
C.
Mosthbacteriahandharchaeahhavehgenomehsizeshbetweenhonehandhtenhmillionhnucleoti
dehpairs,hwhereasheukaryotichgenomeshcanhbehmillionshofhtimeshlarger.
D.
Archaealhspecieshwerehthoughthtohbelonghtohtheheukaryotichworldhbeforehsequenceha
nalysishplacedhthemhinhahseparatehdomainhofhlife.
E. Photosynthetichbacteriaharehthoughthtohbehthehancestorshofhtheheukaryotichchloroplasts.
h h h h h h
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND GENOMES
h h h
©hGarlandhScienceh2015
1.
Scientistshdiscoverhmorehthanhtenhthousandhnewhspecieshofhlivinghorganismsheveryhyear.hW
hathishsharedhbetweenhallhofhthesehorganisms?
A. Theyharehmadehofhcells,hwhosehnucleihenclosehtheirhDNA.
B. Theyhobtainhtheirhenergyhfromhsunlight.
C. Theyhproducehandhusehadenosinehtriphosphateh(ATP).
D. Theirhgenomehcontainshathleasth1000hgenes.
E. Allhofhthehabove.
2. Allhcellsh…
A. havehmembranehtransporthproteins.
B. synthesizehproteinshonhthehribosome.
C. replicatehtheirhgenomehbyhDNAhpolymerization.
D. transcribehtheirhgenetichinformationhbyhRNAhpolymerization.
E. Allhofhthehabove.
3.
ImaginehahsegmenthofhDNAh(withinhahgene)hencodinghahcertainhamounthofhinformationhinhits
hnucleotidehsequence.hWhenhthishsegmenthishfullyhtranscribedhintohmRNAhandhthenhtranslatedhintoh
protein,hinhgeneral,h…
A.
thehproteinhsequencehwouldhcarryhmorehinformationhcomparedhtohthehDNAhandhmR
NAhsequences,hbecausehitshalphabethhash20hletters.
B.
thehproteinhsequencehwouldhcarryhlesshinformationhcomparedhtohthehDNAhandhmRN
Ahsequences,hbecausehseveralhcodonshcanhcorrespondhtohonehaminohacid.
C.
thehamounthofhinformationhinhthehmRNAhsequencehishlower,hbecausehthehmRNAhhas
hbeenhtranscribedhusinghonlyhonehofhthehDNAhstrandshashthehtemplate.
, D.
thehamounthofhinformationhinhthehmRNAhsequencehishhigher,hbecausehseveralhmRN
AhmoleculeshcanhbehtranscribedhfromhonehDNAhmolecule.
4.
WhichhofhthehfollowinghprocesseshthathhappenshinsidehahcellhDOEShNOThnormallyhrequireh
consumptionhofhfreehenergyhbyhthehcell?
A. Replicationhofhthehgenetichmaterial
B. Importhofhnutrientshfromhthehenvironment
C. Diffusionhofhsmallhmoleculeshwithinhthehcell
D. Regulationhofhgenehexpression
E. Synthesishofhenzymeshthathcatalyzehcellularhreactions
5. WhichhofhthehfollowinghwouldhyouhNOThexpecthtohfindhinhahbacterialhcell?
A. Swimminghusinghflagella
B. Havinghahcellhwallharoundhthehplasmahmembrane
C. ATPhproductionhinhmitochondria
D. Proteinhproductionhonhthehribosome
E. SexualhexchangehofhDNAhwithhotherhbacteria
6.
hTohtracehfamilyhrelationshipshbetweenhdistantlyhrelatedhorganismshsuchhashhumans,halgae,hb
acteria,handharchaea,honehshouldhcomparehtheirhgenomeshinhregionsh…
A. thathevolvehrapidly.
B. thathhavehahhigherhmutationhrate.
C. thathcodehforhproteins.
D. wherehmutationsharehhardlyhtolerated.
E. wherehmosthmutationsharehselectivelyhneutral.
7.
LaboratoryhstrainshofhthehmodelhorganismhEscherichiahcolihthatharehresistanthtohantibioticsh
h
arehveryhoftenhusedhinhresearchhlaboratorieshashwellhashinhthehbiotechnologyhindustry.hIfhcultureshofhs
uchhbacteriahwerehallowedhtohcontaminatehthehenvironmenthuncontrollably,hithishpossiblehthathathso
mehpoint,hpathogenichbacteriahsuchhashNeisseriahmeningitidish(whichhcauseshmeningitishandhcanhca
usehdeath,hespeciallyhinhchildren)hcouldhacquirehthehsamehantibiotic-
resistancehgene,hcausinghahmeningitishoutbreakhthathishdifficulthtohtreat.hInhthishscenario,hwhichhofhth
,ehfollowinghmechanismshishahmorehlikelyhsourcehofhthehantibiotic-
resistancehgenehinhN.hmeningitidis?
A. Randomhnewhgenehgeneration
B. Intragenichmutation
C. Genehduplication
D. DNAhsegmenthshuffling
E. Horizontalhgenehtransfer
8. Ahvirush…
A. ishahtypehofhcell.
B. hashgenetichmaterialhmadehofhproteins.
C. canhonlyhinfecthahsinglehhosthspecies.
D. canhacthashahvectorhforhgenehtransfer.
E. cannothpersisthinhitshhosthforhmorehthanhonehcellhgeneration.h
9. WhichhofhthehfollowinghdoeshNOThtypicallyhinvolvehhorizontalhgenehtransfer?h
A. Sexualhreproductionhinhhumans
B. Bacteriophagehinfectionhofhbacteria
C. Thehevolutionaryhhistoryhofhtheheukaryotichcell
D.
Thehaccidentalhduplicationhofhahsmallhregionhofhahbacterialhchromosomehfollowedhb
yhcellhdivision
E. Introductionhofhplasmidshintohbacteriahinhahlaboratoryh
10.
Genehduplicationhcanhgivehrisehtohhomologoushgeneshthatharehparthofhgenehfamilies.hForhexa
mple,hthereharehsixhactinhgeneshinhthehgenomehofhmosthmammalianhspecies.hInhhumans,hthehACTBhg
ene,hwhichhencodeshahcytoskeletalhactin,hishexpressedhubiquitously,hwhilehACTC1hishexpressedhmai
nlyhinhcardiachcells.hAlthoughhbacteriahlackhtheheukaryotichcytoskeletalhorganization,hthehbacterialh
MreBhgenehbearshrecognizablehsequencehsimilarityhtohmammalianhactinhgeneshandhcodeshforhahprote
inhthathishsimilarhtohactinhinhstructurehandhfunction.hWhichhofhthehfollowinghstatementshishtruehabouth
thesehgenes?
A. ACTBhishhomologoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
B. ACTBhishorthologoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
C. ACTBhishparalogoushtohACTC1hbuthnothtohMreB.
D. MreBhishorthologoushtohACTBhbuthnothtohACTC1.
, E. ACTBhishparalogoushtohbothhACTC1handhMreB.
11. Outhofhnearlyh5000hprotein-
codinghgenehfamilies,htherehishahsethofhnearlyh300hconservedhgenehfamilieshthatharehfoundhinhspeciesh
fromhallhdomainshofhlife.hWhenhonehlookshaththehgeneralhfunctionshassignedhtohthesehgenehfamilies,hi
thishfoundhthath…
A. thehmajorityhofhthemhfunctionhinhcell-to-cellhsignaling.
B. thehmajorityhofhthemharehpoorlyhcharacterized.
C. morehthanhone-
thirdhofhthemharehinvolvedhinhtranslationhorhaminohacidhtransporthandhmetabolism.
D. morehthanhone-
halfhofhthehsharedhfamiliesharehinvolvedhinhDNAhreplicationhandhtranscription.
E. Nearlyhallhofhthemharehinvolvedhinhenergyhproductionhandhcarbohydratehmetabolism.
12. WhichhofhthehfollowinghishtruehregardinghEscherichiahcoli?
A. Mosthofhourhunderstandinghabouthmitosishcomeshfromhstudieshonhthishmodelhorganism.
B. Ithishahrod-
shapedhbacteriumhthathcanhonlyhgrowhinhthehguthofhhumanshandhotherhvertebrates.
C. TwohstrainshofhE.hcolihcanhdifferhbyhuphtoh0.1%hinhtheirhgenomes.
D. E.hcolihstrainhK-12hencodeshabouth4300hproteins.
E. ThehE.hcolih(strainhK-12)hgenomehishabouth430hmillionhnucleotidehpairshlong.
13. WhichhofhthehfollowinghishNOThtruehregardinghthehtreehofhlife?
A. Mosthbacteriahandharchaeahhaveh1000htoh6000hgeneshinhtheirhgenomes.
B.
Eukaryotesharehmorehsimilarhtoharchaeahthanhtohbacteriahwithhrespecthtohthehproteinsh
thathacthonhtheirhDNA.
C.
Mosthbacteriahandharchaeahhavehgenomehsizeshbetweenhonehandhtenhmillionhnucleoti
dehpairs,hwhereasheukaryotichgenomeshcanhbehmillionshofhtimeshlarger.
D.
Archaealhspecieshwerehthoughthtohbelonghtohtheheukaryotichworldhbeforehsequenceha
nalysishplacedhthemhinhahseparatehdomainhofhlife.
E. Photosynthetichbacteriaharehthoughthtohbehthehancestorshofhtheheukaryotichchloroplasts.
