NR293 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE - PART 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
/. RAPID ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 15 minutes*
*peak: 30-90 minutes*
*insulin lispro (Humalog)*
insulin aspart (NovoLog)
insulin glulisine (Apidra)
/.SHORT ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 30-60 minutes*
*peak: 2-4 hours*
regular insulin (Humulin R)
regular insulin (Novolin R)
/.INTERMEDIATE ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 1-3 hours*
*peak: 8 hours*
NPH insulin (Humulin N)
NPH insulin (Novolin N)
/.LONG-ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 1-2 hours*
*no peak*
*duration: 18-24 hours*
insulin glargine (Lantus)
insulin detemir (Levemir)
/.PRE-MIXED INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset = 30-60 minutes*
,*peak: varies*
70% NPH/30% Reg
(Humulin 70/30)
70% NPH/30% Reg
(Novolin 70/30)
50% NPH/50% Reg
(Humulin 50/50)
/.REGULAR INSULIN - Answer-✅the only insulin that can be administered via IV route
used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis or diabetic coma
/.HYPOGLYCEMIA - Answer-✅occurs when blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dL
/.HYPOGLYCEMIA - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - Answer-✅*Early Signs*
confusion
irritability
tremor
sweating
*Late Signs*
hypothermia
seizures
/.BLOOD SUGAR MNEMONIC - Answer-✅HOT AND DRY = SUGAR HIGH
COLD AND CLAMMY = GIVE THEM CANDY
/.INSULIN - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅used for glycemic control of diabetes mellitus
(type 1, type 2, gestational)
/.INSULIN THERAPY FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS - INDICATIONS - Answer-
✅when oral antidiabetic medications, diet, and exercise are
unable to control blood glucose levels.
severe renal or liver disease is present.
painful neuropathy is present.
undergoing surgery or diagnostic tests.
experiencing severe stress such as infection
and trauma.
,undergoing emergency treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic
nonketotic syndrome
requiring treatment of hyperkalemia.
/.WHEN MIXING INSULINS - Answer-✅*clear before cloudy*
1.) inject air into the cloudy vial
2.) inject air into the clear vial
3.) withdraw clear insulin
4.) withdraw cloudy insulin
/.ADA GLYCEMIC GOAL - Answer-✅hemoglobin A1C level of less than 7%
/.ADA FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE GOAL - Answer-✅80- 130 mg/dL
/.SULFONYLUREAS - Answer-✅second generation oral antidiabetic drugs
glipizide (Glucotrol)
glyburide (Diabeta)
glimepiride (Amaryl)
/.SULFONYLUREAS - MECHANISM OF ACTION - Answer-✅bind to specific receptors
on beta cells in the pancreas to stimulate the release of insulin
decrease secretion of glucagon
/.SULFONYLUREAS - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅for patients who still have functioning
beta cells in the pancreas
best for early stages of type 2 diabetes
/.SULFONYLUREAS - CONTRAINDICATIONS - Answer-✅hypoglycemia
conditions that predispose to hypoglycemia
potential allergy to sulfonamide antibiotics
, /.SULFONYLUREAS - ADVERSE EFFECTS - Answer-✅hypoglycemia
weight gain
skin rash
nausea
epigastric fullness
heartburn
/.CORTICOSTEROIDS - Answer-✅can cause an increase in blood glucose levels
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅first-line oral drug for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes
also treats polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as an off-label use
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - MECHANISM OF ACTION - Answer-✅*decreases
insulin resistance*
decreases glucose production by the liver
decreases glucose absorption from the GI tract
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - CONTRAINDICATIONS - Answer-✅patients with
renal disease/renal dysfunction
*serum creatinine levels*
> 1.5 mg/dL (males)
> 1.4 mg/dL (females)
alcoholism
metabolic acidosis
hepatic disease
heart failure
conditions that predispose to tissue hypoxia and increase the risk for lactic acidosis
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - INTERACTIONS - Answer-✅avoid alcohol when
taking this medication due to an increased risk for hypoglycermia
STUDY GUIDE - PART 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
/. RAPID ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 15 minutes*
*peak: 30-90 minutes*
*insulin lispro (Humalog)*
insulin aspart (NovoLog)
insulin glulisine (Apidra)
/.SHORT ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 30-60 minutes*
*peak: 2-4 hours*
regular insulin (Humulin R)
regular insulin (Novolin R)
/.INTERMEDIATE ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 1-3 hours*
*peak: 8 hours*
NPH insulin (Humulin N)
NPH insulin (Novolin N)
/.LONG-ACTING INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset: 1-2 hours*
*no peak*
*duration: 18-24 hours*
insulin glargine (Lantus)
insulin detemir (Levemir)
/.PRE-MIXED INSULIN - Answer-✅*onset = 30-60 minutes*
,*peak: varies*
70% NPH/30% Reg
(Humulin 70/30)
70% NPH/30% Reg
(Novolin 70/30)
50% NPH/50% Reg
(Humulin 50/50)
/.REGULAR INSULIN - Answer-✅the only insulin that can be administered via IV route
used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis or diabetic coma
/.HYPOGLYCEMIA - Answer-✅occurs when blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dL
/.HYPOGLYCEMIA - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - Answer-✅*Early Signs*
confusion
irritability
tremor
sweating
*Late Signs*
hypothermia
seizures
/.BLOOD SUGAR MNEMONIC - Answer-✅HOT AND DRY = SUGAR HIGH
COLD AND CLAMMY = GIVE THEM CANDY
/.INSULIN - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅used for glycemic control of diabetes mellitus
(type 1, type 2, gestational)
/.INSULIN THERAPY FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS - INDICATIONS - Answer-
✅when oral antidiabetic medications, diet, and exercise are
unable to control blood glucose levels.
severe renal or liver disease is present.
painful neuropathy is present.
undergoing surgery or diagnostic tests.
experiencing severe stress such as infection
and trauma.
,undergoing emergency treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic
nonketotic syndrome
requiring treatment of hyperkalemia.
/.WHEN MIXING INSULINS - Answer-✅*clear before cloudy*
1.) inject air into the cloudy vial
2.) inject air into the clear vial
3.) withdraw clear insulin
4.) withdraw cloudy insulin
/.ADA GLYCEMIC GOAL - Answer-✅hemoglobin A1C level of less than 7%
/.ADA FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE GOAL - Answer-✅80- 130 mg/dL
/.SULFONYLUREAS - Answer-✅second generation oral antidiabetic drugs
glipizide (Glucotrol)
glyburide (Diabeta)
glimepiride (Amaryl)
/.SULFONYLUREAS - MECHANISM OF ACTION - Answer-✅bind to specific receptors
on beta cells in the pancreas to stimulate the release of insulin
decrease secretion of glucagon
/.SULFONYLUREAS - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅for patients who still have functioning
beta cells in the pancreas
best for early stages of type 2 diabetes
/.SULFONYLUREAS - CONTRAINDICATIONS - Answer-✅hypoglycemia
conditions that predispose to hypoglycemia
potential allergy to sulfonamide antibiotics
, /.SULFONYLUREAS - ADVERSE EFFECTS - Answer-✅hypoglycemia
weight gain
skin rash
nausea
epigastric fullness
heartburn
/.CORTICOSTEROIDS - Answer-✅can cause an increase in blood glucose levels
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - INDICATIONS - Answer-✅first-line oral drug for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes
also treats polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as an off-label use
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - MECHANISM OF ACTION - Answer-✅*decreases
insulin resistance*
decreases glucose production by the liver
decreases glucose absorption from the GI tract
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - CONTRAINDICATIONS - Answer-✅patients with
renal disease/renal dysfunction
*serum creatinine levels*
> 1.5 mg/dL (males)
> 1.4 mg/dL (females)
alcoholism
metabolic acidosis
hepatic disease
heart failure
conditions that predispose to tissue hypoxia and increase the risk for lactic acidosis
/.METFORMIN (GLUCOPHAGE) - INTERACTIONS - Answer-✅avoid alcohol when
taking this medication due to an increased risk for hypoglycermia
