NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Exam Questions and Answers Latest Top Rated
2025
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within
the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Pharmacodynamics
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution
substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic
chemical compounds; medications are a common example
Xenobiotics
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification
of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are
oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450
-Drug becomes completely inactive
,-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites
remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one
metabolite remains active
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.
Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's
metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via
increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration
of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducers
CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inducer Medications
Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more
of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the
pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitors
VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications
,-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older
adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older
adults due to medication-disease or medication-syndrome
interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be
avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the
presence of impaired kidney function in older adults
Beers Criteria
when one medication systemically alters the potency of
another medication.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Absorption Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available
at the various target sites.
Distribution Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than
expected.
Metabolism Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by
altering a metabolite from the body.
Elimination Interaction
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to
manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of
action
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
Practice Authority
, refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
prescriptive authority
Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled
substances without physician oversight.
Full-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement
with an outside health discipline for the nurse practitioner to
provide patient care.
Reduced-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team
management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope
DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script
Schedule II drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone
An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often
precipitated by trauma and acute medical conditions or
treatment.
Acute Pain
Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Types of Acute Pain
episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be
intermittent or continuous
Chronic pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain
originates
Exam Questions and Answers Latest Top Rated
2025
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within
the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Pharmacodynamics
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution
substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic
chemical compounds; medications are a common example
Xenobiotics
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification
of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are
oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450
-Drug becomes completely inactive
,-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites
remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one
metabolite remains active
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.
Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's
metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via
increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration
of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducers
CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inducer Medications
Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more
of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the
pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitors
VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications
,-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older
adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older
adults due to medication-disease or medication-syndrome
interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be
avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the
presence of impaired kidney function in older adults
Beers Criteria
when one medication systemically alters the potency of
another medication.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Absorption Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available
at the various target sites.
Distribution Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than
expected.
Metabolism Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by
altering a metabolite from the body.
Elimination Interaction
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to
manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of
action
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
Practice Authority
, refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
prescriptive authority
Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled
substances without physician oversight.
Full-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement
with an outside health discipline for the nurse practitioner to
provide patient care.
Reduced-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team
management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope
DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script
Schedule II drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone
An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often
precipitated by trauma and acute medical conditions or
treatment.
Acute Pain
Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Types of Acute Pain
episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be
intermittent or continuous
Chronic pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain
originates
