GEOG 1113L Lab 4 Tectonic Landforms & Crustal
Deformation
Lab 4: Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation
GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
I. Crustal Deformation
1. What causes deformation of the earth’s crust?
The shifting of tectonic plates in Earth’s crust
2. What types of structures are formed by deformation?
Folds, Vaults, Foliations, and Joints
3. Which of the following forces causes faulting?
A. Tensional force
B. Compressional force
C. Shear force
D. All of the above
4. Describe the difference between stress and strain.
Stress is force applied over an area. Strain refers to the material changing due to stress.
5. What is the difference between elastic and ductile deformation?
In elastic, the material RETURNS to its original form. In ductile, the material does NOT return to
its original form.
II. Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
1. How is a mountain formed?
They form from plate tectonics
2. Describe the three main types of mountains.
Fold: Most common type of mountains. Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates
collide. Fault Block: Formed when two plates converge rather than the crossed folding under the
, intense pressure of the moving plates Dome: Result of molten rock from the mantle pushing its
way up under the earth's crust without erupting onto the surface.
3. What percentage of the world’s active volcanoes erupt each year? (Hint: You have to do some
math. Show your work.)
25/500= 0.05 = 5%
4. Aside from the fact that living near a volcano can be dangerous, what is one benefit it would
provide?
The soil would be very fertile due to all the rich minerals around the area.
5. Name and describe the point above the focus of an earthquake.
Epicenter: It is where the earthquake is felt most strongly
III. Folding
Several images of clay models of an anticline, syncline, basin, and dome are provided unlabeled.
Each model includes an image of ~0.5 inch cut off the top of the landform to represent erosion.
Additionally, the dome and basin models have been cut in half to show the cross section of these two
landforms. Insert the appropriate image under each label below and answer questions 1 – 4 that go
along with each model.
Anticline:
Anticline (eroded):
1. Which rock layer is in the middle of an anticline fold, the oldest or youngest?
The oldest
Deformation
Lab 4: Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation
GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
I. Crustal Deformation
1. What causes deformation of the earth’s crust?
The shifting of tectonic plates in Earth’s crust
2. What types of structures are formed by deformation?
Folds, Vaults, Foliations, and Joints
3. Which of the following forces causes faulting?
A. Tensional force
B. Compressional force
C. Shear force
D. All of the above
4. Describe the difference between stress and strain.
Stress is force applied over an area. Strain refers to the material changing due to stress.
5. What is the difference between elastic and ductile deformation?
In elastic, the material RETURNS to its original form. In ductile, the material does NOT return to
its original form.
II. Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
1. How is a mountain formed?
They form from plate tectonics
2. Describe the three main types of mountains.
Fold: Most common type of mountains. Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates
collide. Fault Block: Formed when two plates converge rather than the crossed folding under the
, intense pressure of the moving plates Dome: Result of molten rock from the mantle pushing its
way up under the earth's crust without erupting onto the surface.
3. What percentage of the world’s active volcanoes erupt each year? (Hint: You have to do some
math. Show your work.)
25/500= 0.05 = 5%
4. Aside from the fact that living near a volcano can be dangerous, what is one benefit it would
provide?
The soil would be very fertile due to all the rich minerals around the area.
5. Name and describe the point above the focus of an earthquake.
Epicenter: It is where the earthquake is felt most strongly
III. Folding
Several images of clay models of an anticline, syncline, basin, and dome are provided unlabeled.
Each model includes an image of ~0.5 inch cut off the top of the landform to represent erosion.
Additionally, the dome and basin models have been cut in half to show the cross section of these two
landforms. Insert the appropriate image under each label below and answer questions 1 – 4 that go
along with each model.
Anticline:
Anticline (eroded):
1. Which rock layer is in the middle of an anticline fold, the oldest or youngest?
The oldest
