MCAT
[H+] = - ANS-10^-pH
0.0005 kilomorgans to centimorgans - ANS-50 centimorgans
1 joule equals - ANS-1 Nm (newton * meter)
1 Newton equals - ANS-1 kg m/s^2
1 pascal is identical to - ANS-1 N/m^2
2 methods to shape ATP - ANS-1. Substrate stage phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3 classes of passive transport - ANS-easy diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
three main sorts of groups - ANS-utilitarian, coercive, normative
3 electricity formulas - ANS-P = IV
P = I^2R
P = V^2/R
4 colligative homes of solutions - ANS-vapor pressure reducing, boiling point elevation,
freezing factor depression, osmotic pressure
four levels of micro organism boom - ANS-1. Lag phase (micro organism adapt to a brand
new environment, increase lags)
2. Log section (exponential boom of population)
three. Desk bound section (most populace size is reached, increase restrained via vitamins
and space)
four. Loss of life segment (bacteria start to die off)
a 1 M answer of glucose contains - ANS-6.02 × 1023 molecules of glucose in every liter of
solution.
A 5 kg field is resting on a ramp with an incline of forty five degrees. What are we able to say
about the value of the coefficient of static friction among the ramp and the box? - ANS-For
this problem it is critical to recognise that the force parallel alongside the incline, a factor of
gravity, should be equal to the pressure of static friction presently being exerted. If this were
no longer the case, the field would no longer be at rest.
,From this we are able to setup an inequality, knowing that static friction increases in
response to an carried out force till the implemented force is greater than the most feasible
static friction. Knowing this we can setup the equations underneath:
mgsin(theta) <= usN
N = mgcos(theta)
mgsin(theta) <= us mg cos (theta)
tan(theta) =< us
1<= us
And thereby determine that our coefficient of static friction must be greater than or equal to
1, or the box would be in motion. Notice that although you were provided with the weight of
the box, it turned out to be irrelevant.
A car is continuously driving in a circle of radius 30 meters in a parking lot. How is the
centripetal force for this circular motion being generated? - ANS-Friction between the tires
and the road
When a car turns, friction between the tires and the road is responsible for the change in the
car's velocity vector. Despite being less intuitive, this is an identical scenario to all other
circular motion scenarios we have discussed: Centripetal force is pointing inwards, directly at
the center of the circle, while the car's velocity vector is perpendicular to the centripetal
force. The result is circular motion of the vehicle.
A cell in a hypertonic solution will - ANS-shrink and lose water
a cell in a hypotonic solution - ANS--Gains water, water travels from environment into cell
-Ruptures or lyse (hemolysis of red blood cells)
A child is sliding a toy block (with mass = m) down a ramp. The *coefficient of static friction
between the block and the ramp is 0.25*. When the block is halfway down the ramp, the
child pushes down on the block perpendicular to the plane, halting it. What is the minimum
force the child must apply to keep the block from starting to slide down the ramp? -
ANS-[mgsin(θ)] / 0.25 - mgcos(θ)
Gravitational force pulling block down the ramp is mgsin(θ)
To stop the block sliding down the ramp, we must have an equal and opposite frictional force
Ff = μFN (FN = normal force)
Since these forces are equal and opposite, they must be set equal to eachother
The block itself has a mass, m, and generates a normal force of FN = mgcos(θ)
Thus Ff = 0.25 * mgcos(θ)
The force exerted by the child (Fa) will add to the force created by the mass of the block.
Our total FN = mgcos(θ) + Fa.
Setting this force equal to Ff = mgsin(θ), we get:
,Ff = 0.25 * (mgcos(θ) +Fa) = mgsin(θ)
mgcos(θ) +Fa = mgsin(θ) / 0.25
Solve for Fa:
Fa = (mgsin(θ) / 0.25) - mgcos(θ)
A circuit is constructed with a 12-V battery and four identical resistors, each with a resistance
of 16 Ω, and connected in parallel. What is the total power dissipated by the circuit? -
ANS-36 W
1. Find total resistance:
1/Rtot = 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16
1/Rtot = 4/16 = 1/4
Rtot = 4 ohms
2. Solve for power:
P = V^2/R = 12^2/4 = 144/4 = 36 W
A higher vapor pressure indicates - ANS-that a larger number of solvent particles were able
to escape the liquid and enter the gas phase
A mass of 10 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. Ignoring air resistance, what is the
maximum speed it achieves?
What formulas would you use to solve this? - ANS-PE = mgh
KE = 1/2(m)v^2
A mass of 10 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. Ignoring air resistance, what is the
maximum speed it achieves? - ANS-PE = mgh
PE = 10kg * 10 m/s^2 * 20 m
PE = 2000 kg/s^2 = 2000 J
KE = 1/2*10kg v^2 = 2000 J
v = sqrt(400) = 20 m/s
A mechanical advantage needs to be - ANS-greater than 1
A mole - ANS-a number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023)
A physical therapist employs a pulley system to safely lift a 54 kg patient from their
wheelchair to the pool for their exercises. If the physical therapist applies 200 N of force to
displace the lever over a distance of 1.5 m, how high has the patient been lifted? - ANS-0.55
M
Use mechanical advantage formula: (forceinput)(distanceinput) =
(forceoutput)(distanceoutput)
We can plug in the information from the question stem to our equation to get (200 N)(1.5 m)=
(54 kg)(10 m/s2)( distanceoutput). Remember we need to multiply the patient's mass by the
acceleration due to gravity to get the output force that must be generated in order for the
, patient to be lifted. Manipulating the equation to isolate for output distance gives us
distanceoutput = (300 N•m)/540 N = 5/9 m which is approximately equal to 5/10m = 0.5m.
Because we rounded the denominator up to get this estimation of 0.5m, it means that the
true answer is a bit higher than 0.5m. Therefore, 0.55m is the best answer choice.
A private school sets up a system by which students may advance to the next grade solely
on the basis of their individual performance on an exam. Given the wide variety of talents
each student has, some students are able to advance to the next grade months or even
years before other students. This system is: - ANS-a meritocracy
A ray of white light strikes the surface of water in a beaker. The index of refraction of the
water is 1.33 and the angle of incidence is 30º. All of the following are true EXCEPT:
I. The angle of reflection is 30°.
II. The angle of refraction is 30°.
III. Total internal reflection will result, depending on the critical angle. - ANS-II and III only
A scientist conducts a cross of two zebrafish, each of which has a genotype of UuWw. How
would the scientist be able to tell if the genes are NOT assorting independently? Select all
that apply. - ANS-The percent of each type of phenotype differs from approximately 56%,
19%, 19%, 6%.
DNA analysis indicates that the two genes are close together on a chromosome.
(Two genes which are close together on a chromosome are likely linked due to a reduced
frequency of crossover events, and are therefore unlikely to assort independently.)
A strong base has a pH of - ANS-Greater than 7
A student finishes an experiment involving several types of highly pathogenic bacteria. She
wishes to dispose of the agar plates and micropipette tips she used. Which of the following
procedures should she carry out? - ANS-Place all materials in an open metal container and
autoclave the container.
A wide variety of biological life forms carry their genetic information in the form of DNA. This
genetic material is converted into RNA, which is then used to construct protein. One type of
organism or agent that forms an exception to the central dogma of molecular biology is: -
ANS-at least some positive sense viruses
Retroviruses are positive-sense ssRNA viruses. These pathogens have a single-stranded
RNA genome that must be reverse transcribed to form DNA. The DNA is then transcribed
into RNA and used to synthesize viral proteins. It should be noted that viruses are not living
organisms, as they cannot survive on their own without other living organisms.
Abnormal functioning of which brain region(s) plays a role in the development of depression?
I. Frontal lobe
II. Limbic system structures
III. Hypothalamus - ANS-I, II, and III
[H+] = - ANS-10^-pH
0.0005 kilomorgans to centimorgans - ANS-50 centimorgans
1 joule equals - ANS-1 Nm (newton * meter)
1 Newton equals - ANS-1 kg m/s^2
1 pascal is identical to - ANS-1 N/m^2
2 methods to shape ATP - ANS-1. Substrate stage phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3 classes of passive transport - ANS-easy diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
three main sorts of groups - ANS-utilitarian, coercive, normative
3 electricity formulas - ANS-P = IV
P = I^2R
P = V^2/R
4 colligative homes of solutions - ANS-vapor pressure reducing, boiling point elevation,
freezing factor depression, osmotic pressure
four levels of micro organism boom - ANS-1. Lag phase (micro organism adapt to a brand
new environment, increase lags)
2. Log section (exponential boom of population)
three. Desk bound section (most populace size is reached, increase restrained via vitamins
and space)
four. Loss of life segment (bacteria start to die off)
a 1 M answer of glucose contains - ANS-6.02 × 1023 molecules of glucose in every liter of
solution.
A 5 kg field is resting on a ramp with an incline of forty five degrees. What are we able to say
about the value of the coefficient of static friction among the ramp and the box? - ANS-For
this problem it is critical to recognise that the force parallel alongside the incline, a factor of
gravity, should be equal to the pressure of static friction presently being exerted. If this were
no longer the case, the field would no longer be at rest.
,From this we are able to setup an inequality, knowing that static friction increases in
response to an carried out force till the implemented force is greater than the most feasible
static friction. Knowing this we can setup the equations underneath:
mgsin(theta) <= usN
N = mgcos(theta)
mgsin(theta) <= us mg cos (theta)
tan(theta) =< us
1<= us
And thereby determine that our coefficient of static friction must be greater than or equal to
1, or the box would be in motion. Notice that although you were provided with the weight of
the box, it turned out to be irrelevant.
A car is continuously driving in a circle of radius 30 meters in a parking lot. How is the
centripetal force for this circular motion being generated? - ANS-Friction between the tires
and the road
When a car turns, friction between the tires and the road is responsible for the change in the
car's velocity vector. Despite being less intuitive, this is an identical scenario to all other
circular motion scenarios we have discussed: Centripetal force is pointing inwards, directly at
the center of the circle, while the car's velocity vector is perpendicular to the centripetal
force. The result is circular motion of the vehicle.
A cell in a hypertonic solution will - ANS-shrink and lose water
a cell in a hypotonic solution - ANS--Gains water, water travels from environment into cell
-Ruptures or lyse (hemolysis of red blood cells)
A child is sliding a toy block (with mass = m) down a ramp. The *coefficient of static friction
between the block and the ramp is 0.25*. When the block is halfway down the ramp, the
child pushes down on the block perpendicular to the plane, halting it. What is the minimum
force the child must apply to keep the block from starting to slide down the ramp? -
ANS-[mgsin(θ)] / 0.25 - mgcos(θ)
Gravitational force pulling block down the ramp is mgsin(θ)
To stop the block sliding down the ramp, we must have an equal and opposite frictional force
Ff = μFN (FN = normal force)
Since these forces are equal and opposite, they must be set equal to eachother
The block itself has a mass, m, and generates a normal force of FN = mgcos(θ)
Thus Ff = 0.25 * mgcos(θ)
The force exerted by the child (Fa) will add to the force created by the mass of the block.
Our total FN = mgcos(θ) + Fa.
Setting this force equal to Ff = mgsin(θ), we get:
,Ff = 0.25 * (mgcos(θ) +Fa) = mgsin(θ)
mgcos(θ) +Fa = mgsin(θ) / 0.25
Solve for Fa:
Fa = (mgsin(θ) / 0.25) - mgcos(θ)
A circuit is constructed with a 12-V battery and four identical resistors, each with a resistance
of 16 Ω, and connected in parallel. What is the total power dissipated by the circuit? -
ANS-36 W
1. Find total resistance:
1/Rtot = 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16
1/Rtot = 4/16 = 1/4
Rtot = 4 ohms
2. Solve for power:
P = V^2/R = 12^2/4 = 144/4 = 36 W
A higher vapor pressure indicates - ANS-that a larger number of solvent particles were able
to escape the liquid and enter the gas phase
A mass of 10 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. Ignoring air resistance, what is the
maximum speed it achieves?
What formulas would you use to solve this? - ANS-PE = mgh
KE = 1/2(m)v^2
A mass of 10 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. Ignoring air resistance, what is the
maximum speed it achieves? - ANS-PE = mgh
PE = 10kg * 10 m/s^2 * 20 m
PE = 2000 kg/s^2 = 2000 J
KE = 1/2*10kg v^2 = 2000 J
v = sqrt(400) = 20 m/s
A mechanical advantage needs to be - ANS-greater than 1
A mole - ANS-a number of items equal to Avogadro's number (6.02 × 1023)
A physical therapist employs a pulley system to safely lift a 54 kg patient from their
wheelchair to the pool for their exercises. If the physical therapist applies 200 N of force to
displace the lever over a distance of 1.5 m, how high has the patient been lifted? - ANS-0.55
M
Use mechanical advantage formula: (forceinput)(distanceinput) =
(forceoutput)(distanceoutput)
We can plug in the information from the question stem to our equation to get (200 N)(1.5 m)=
(54 kg)(10 m/s2)( distanceoutput). Remember we need to multiply the patient's mass by the
acceleration due to gravity to get the output force that must be generated in order for the
, patient to be lifted. Manipulating the equation to isolate for output distance gives us
distanceoutput = (300 N•m)/540 N = 5/9 m which is approximately equal to 5/10m = 0.5m.
Because we rounded the denominator up to get this estimation of 0.5m, it means that the
true answer is a bit higher than 0.5m. Therefore, 0.55m is the best answer choice.
A private school sets up a system by which students may advance to the next grade solely
on the basis of their individual performance on an exam. Given the wide variety of talents
each student has, some students are able to advance to the next grade months or even
years before other students. This system is: - ANS-a meritocracy
A ray of white light strikes the surface of water in a beaker. The index of refraction of the
water is 1.33 and the angle of incidence is 30º. All of the following are true EXCEPT:
I. The angle of reflection is 30°.
II. The angle of refraction is 30°.
III. Total internal reflection will result, depending on the critical angle. - ANS-II and III only
A scientist conducts a cross of two zebrafish, each of which has a genotype of UuWw. How
would the scientist be able to tell if the genes are NOT assorting independently? Select all
that apply. - ANS-The percent of each type of phenotype differs from approximately 56%,
19%, 19%, 6%.
DNA analysis indicates that the two genes are close together on a chromosome.
(Two genes which are close together on a chromosome are likely linked due to a reduced
frequency of crossover events, and are therefore unlikely to assort independently.)
A strong base has a pH of - ANS-Greater than 7
A student finishes an experiment involving several types of highly pathogenic bacteria. She
wishes to dispose of the agar plates and micropipette tips she used. Which of the following
procedures should she carry out? - ANS-Place all materials in an open metal container and
autoclave the container.
A wide variety of biological life forms carry their genetic information in the form of DNA. This
genetic material is converted into RNA, which is then used to construct protein. One type of
organism or agent that forms an exception to the central dogma of molecular biology is: -
ANS-at least some positive sense viruses
Retroviruses are positive-sense ssRNA viruses. These pathogens have a single-stranded
RNA genome that must be reverse transcribed to form DNA. The DNA is then transcribed
into RNA and used to synthesize viral proteins. It should be noted that viruses are not living
organisms, as they cannot survive on their own without other living organisms.
Abnormal functioning of which brain region(s) plays a role in the development of depression?
I. Frontal lobe
II. Limbic system structures
III. Hypothalamus - ANS-I, II, and III
