GMS6402 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔when a gas in the blood such as oxygen fails to reach diffusion equilibrium with the
alveolar air as it leaves the pulmonary capillary bed is said to be...
•perfusion limited
•normoxic
•diffusion limited
•mixed perfusion and diffusion limited
•hyperoxic - ✔✔diffusion limited
✔✔under normal physiological conditions, the maximum capacity of O2 that Hb can
carry is approximately...
•1000 mls per liter
•750 mls per liter
•400 mls per liter
•200 mls per liter
•100 mls per liter - ✔✔200 mls per liter
✔✔an arterial blood gas is ordered and the following values are obtained; Hb = 17 g/dL,
hemoglobin saturation = 100%, and PaO2 = 200 mm Hg. what is the content of total
oxygen in the arterial blood sample?
•15.17 mls O2/dL of blood
•18.95 mls O2/dL of blood
•20.10 mls O2/dL of blood
•21.01 mls O2/dL of blood
•23.38 mls O2/dL of blood - ✔✔23.38 mls O2/dL of blood
✔✔a patient's arterial blood gas indicates that her PaCO2 in 55 mm Hg. what can you
conclude about her ventilation state?
•she is hypoventilating
•ventilation is normal
•she is hyperventilating
•cannot make a determination about ventilation since PaO2 is not included - ✔✔she is
hypoventilating
✔✔when we arrive at high altitude, we begin to hyperventilate. this is due to...
•decreased PaO2
•increased PaN2
•decreased PaN2
, •increased PaCO2
•decreased PaH2O - ✔✔decreased PaO2
✔✔with respect to anemia, all of the following are true EXCEPT...
•there is a decreased hemoglobin concentration
•hemoglobin is ~98% saturated when PaO2 is 100 mm Hg
•there is decreased oxygen content per dL blood
•the oxygen content of Hb can be increased via increasing PaO2
•it can be treated via a blood transfusion - ✔✔the oxygen content of Hb can be
increased via increasing PaO2
✔✔which of the following will increase the content of arterial oxygen?
•increased hemoglobin concentration
•decreased hemoglobin saturation
•decreased PaO2
•decreased O2 solubility - ✔✔increased hemoglobin concentration
✔✔a blood gas analysis is performed on a patient and the following values are
observed: partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood = 60 mm Hg; the oxygen
content = 18 mls O2/dL of blood. assuming that all else is normal, what is the percent
hemoglobin saturation of this patient?
•40%
•75%
•90%
•98%
•100% - ✔✔90%
✔✔a 70 year-old man is complaining of severe nausea. he has had problems with
peptic ulcer disease and has been having similar pain for the past two weeks. rather
than seeing a physician, he opted to self medicate. over the past week, he has been
consuming large quantities of TUMS (calcium carbonate), an over the counter antacid.
while breathing room air, an arterial blood sample is drawn and reveals the following:
pH = 7.48, PaCO2 = 49 mm Hg, PaO2 = 68 mm Hg, HCO3− 35 mEq/L, Na+ = 139
mEq/L, K+ = 4 mEq/L, Cl− = 96 mEq/L, and glucose = 387 mg/dL. the most likely
explanation for the observed hypoxemia is...
•hypoventilation that is secondary to a metabolic alkalosis
•hyperventilation that is secondary to calcium toxicity
•altitude-induced hyperventilation
•a leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve
•hypoventilation that is secondary to diabetic keto-acidosis - ✔✔hypoventilation that is
secondary to a metabolic alkalosis
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔when a gas in the blood such as oxygen fails to reach diffusion equilibrium with the
alveolar air as it leaves the pulmonary capillary bed is said to be...
•perfusion limited
•normoxic
•diffusion limited
•mixed perfusion and diffusion limited
•hyperoxic - ✔✔diffusion limited
✔✔under normal physiological conditions, the maximum capacity of O2 that Hb can
carry is approximately...
•1000 mls per liter
•750 mls per liter
•400 mls per liter
•200 mls per liter
•100 mls per liter - ✔✔200 mls per liter
✔✔an arterial blood gas is ordered and the following values are obtained; Hb = 17 g/dL,
hemoglobin saturation = 100%, and PaO2 = 200 mm Hg. what is the content of total
oxygen in the arterial blood sample?
•15.17 mls O2/dL of blood
•18.95 mls O2/dL of blood
•20.10 mls O2/dL of blood
•21.01 mls O2/dL of blood
•23.38 mls O2/dL of blood - ✔✔23.38 mls O2/dL of blood
✔✔a patient's arterial blood gas indicates that her PaCO2 in 55 mm Hg. what can you
conclude about her ventilation state?
•she is hypoventilating
•ventilation is normal
•she is hyperventilating
•cannot make a determination about ventilation since PaO2 is not included - ✔✔she is
hypoventilating
✔✔when we arrive at high altitude, we begin to hyperventilate. this is due to...
•decreased PaO2
•increased PaN2
•decreased PaN2
, •increased PaCO2
•decreased PaH2O - ✔✔decreased PaO2
✔✔with respect to anemia, all of the following are true EXCEPT...
•there is a decreased hemoglobin concentration
•hemoglobin is ~98% saturated when PaO2 is 100 mm Hg
•there is decreased oxygen content per dL blood
•the oxygen content of Hb can be increased via increasing PaO2
•it can be treated via a blood transfusion - ✔✔the oxygen content of Hb can be
increased via increasing PaO2
✔✔which of the following will increase the content of arterial oxygen?
•increased hemoglobin concentration
•decreased hemoglobin saturation
•decreased PaO2
•decreased O2 solubility - ✔✔increased hemoglobin concentration
✔✔a blood gas analysis is performed on a patient and the following values are
observed: partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood = 60 mm Hg; the oxygen
content = 18 mls O2/dL of blood. assuming that all else is normal, what is the percent
hemoglobin saturation of this patient?
•40%
•75%
•90%
•98%
•100% - ✔✔90%
✔✔a 70 year-old man is complaining of severe nausea. he has had problems with
peptic ulcer disease and has been having similar pain for the past two weeks. rather
than seeing a physician, he opted to self medicate. over the past week, he has been
consuming large quantities of TUMS (calcium carbonate), an over the counter antacid.
while breathing room air, an arterial blood sample is drawn and reveals the following:
pH = 7.48, PaCO2 = 49 mm Hg, PaO2 = 68 mm Hg, HCO3− 35 mEq/L, Na+ = 139
mEq/L, K+ = 4 mEq/L, Cl− = 96 mEq/L, and glucose = 387 mg/dL. the most likely
explanation for the observed hypoxemia is...
•hypoventilation that is secondary to a metabolic alkalosis
•hyperventilation that is secondary to calcium toxicity
•altitude-induced hyperventilation
•a leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve
•hypoventilation that is secondary to diabetic keto-acidosis - ✔✔hypoventilation that is
secondary to a metabolic alkalosis
