PN 2003 Final 2025
Insulin - answerA protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - answerAbility of a client's own naturally produced insulin to
regulate blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - answerthe inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - answerhigh blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - answerPolyphagia, polydipsia,
polyuria, fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion,
fruity odor of the breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - answerlow blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - answerShakiness, anxiety,
nervousness, diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include
seizures, loss of consciousness, and death.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - answerDementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual
memory is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - answerStage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
Stage 6. Moderate-to-severe cognitive decline
Stage 7. Severe cognitive decline
what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - answerVascular Dementia is caused by
small cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more
rapid, and the disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the
brain
, Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - answerDementia is an
irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - answerImpairment in abstract thinking, judgment,
and impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
Neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
Language may or may not be affected
Personality changes are common
what is frontal temporal dementia - answerFrontal Temporal Dementia is characterized
by neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather neurofibrillary tangles
and plaques as seen in Alzheimer's.
- shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain
changes in frontal temporal dementia - answerLanguage Abnormalities
- logorrhea: unfocused speech
- echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases
- palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases
Behavioral Changes
- either withdrawn of disinhibited
Picks disease (most common)
- subtype of frontal temporal dementia
- pick bodies (silver staining intracytoplasmic inclusions in neocortex and hippocampus)
what is depression in older adults? - answerDepression is prolonged sense of sadness
and hopelessness lasting longer than 2 weeks
- diminished interest in activities
Insulin - answerA protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - answerAbility of a client's own naturally produced insulin to
regulate blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - answerthe inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - answerhigh blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - answerPolyphagia, polydipsia,
polyuria, fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion,
fruity odor of the breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - answerlow blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - answerShakiness, anxiety,
nervousness, diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include
seizures, loss of consciousness, and death.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - answerDementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual
memory is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - answerStage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
Stage 6. Moderate-to-severe cognitive decline
Stage 7. Severe cognitive decline
what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - answerVascular Dementia is caused by
small cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more
rapid, and the disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the
brain
, Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - answerDementia is an
irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - answerImpairment in abstract thinking, judgment,
and impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
Neglect of personal appearance and hygiene
Language may or may not be affected
Personality changes are common
what is frontal temporal dementia - answerFrontal Temporal Dementia is characterized
by neuronal atrophy affecting the frontal lobes of the brain rather neurofibrillary tangles
and plaques as seen in Alzheimer's.
- shrinking of the frontal lobes of the brain
changes in frontal temporal dementia - answerLanguage Abnormalities
- logorrhea: unfocused speech
- echolalia: spontaneous repetition of words/phrases
- palilalia: compulsive repetition of phrases
Behavioral Changes
- either withdrawn of disinhibited
Picks disease (most common)
- subtype of frontal temporal dementia
- pick bodies (silver staining intracytoplasmic inclusions in neocortex and hippocampus)
what is depression in older adults? - answerDepression is prolonged sense of sadness
and hopelessness lasting longer than 2 weeks
- diminished interest in activities
