NSG 530 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam 3 With Actual Questions &
Verified Answers,Plus
Rationales/Expert Verified For
Guaranteed Pass 2025/2026 /Latest
Update/Instant Download Pdf
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion
D. Overproduction of insulin
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
2. A patient presents with hyperthyroidism. Which lab finding is most consistent with
this diagnosis?
A. High TSH, low T3 and T4
B. Low TSH, high T3 and T4
C. High TSH, high T3 and T4
D. Low TSH, low T3 and T4
B. Low TSH, high T3 and T4
Rationale: In hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) are elevated, causing
negative feedback suppression of TSH.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Polyuria
,B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by significant proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
4. Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for asthma pathophysiology?
A. Neutrophils
B. Mast cells
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
D. Eosinophils
Rationale: Eosinophils play a key role in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in
asthma.
5. Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved
ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
A. Systolic dysfunction leads to reduced contractility
B. Diastolic dysfunction leads to impaired ventricular filling
C. Left ventricular dilation causes decreased preload
D. Increased cardiac output due to sympathetic activation
B. Diastolic dysfunction leads to impaired ventricular filling
Rationale: HFpEF is characterized by stiff ventricles that cannot relax properly, leading to
impaired filling and elevated diastolic pressures.
6. Which of the following best describes Graves’ disease?
A. Autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptors
B. Autoantibodies destroy thyroid tissue
C. Deficiency of iodine
D. Pituitary tumor secreting excess TSH
A. Autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptors
Rationale: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which stimulating antibodies
activate TSH receptors, causing hyperthyroidism.
7. Which of the following is a primary cause of secondary hypertension?
A. Obesity
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. High salt intake
D. Sedentary lifestyle
B. Renal artery stenosis
Rationale: Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable underlying condition, such
as renal artery stenosis, endocrine disorders, or medications.
, 8. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in Addison’s disease?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased
aldosterone, sodium loss, and potassium retention.
9. In chronic kidney disease, which of the following contributes most to secondary
hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hypophosphatemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Vitamin D deficiency
D. Increased calcitonin
C. Vitamin D deficiency
Rationale: CKD impairs vitamin D activation, reducing calcium absorption and stimulating
parathyroid hormone secretion (secondary hyperparathyroidism).
10. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of myelin
B. Autoantibodies block acetylcholine receptors
C. Dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia
D. Degeneration of motor neurons
B. Autoantibodies block acetylcholine receptors
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies interfere
with neuromuscular transmission by targeting acetylcholine receptors.
11. Which of the following conditions is associated with hypercoagulability?
A. Hemophilia A
B. Protein C deficiency
C. Vitamin K deficiency
D. Thrombocytopenia
B. Protein C deficiency
Rationale: Protein C deficiency impairs anticoagulation pathways, leading to increased risk
of thrombosis.
12. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of cirrhosis?
A. Acute infection of hepatocytes
B. Chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis and nodule formation
Final Exam 3 With Actual Questions &
Verified Answers,Plus
Rationales/Expert Verified For
Guaranteed Pass 2025/2026 /Latest
Update/Instant Download Pdf
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon secretion
D. Overproduction of insulin
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
2. A patient presents with hyperthyroidism. Which lab finding is most consistent with
this diagnosis?
A. High TSH, low T3 and T4
B. Low TSH, high T3 and T4
C. High TSH, high T3 and T4
D. Low TSH, low T3 and T4
B. Low TSH, high T3 and T4
Rationale: In hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) are elevated, causing
negative feedback suppression of TSH.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Polyuria
,B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by significant proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
4. Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for asthma pathophysiology?
A. Neutrophils
B. Mast cells
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
D. Eosinophils
Rationale: Eosinophils play a key role in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in
asthma.
5. Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved
ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
A. Systolic dysfunction leads to reduced contractility
B. Diastolic dysfunction leads to impaired ventricular filling
C. Left ventricular dilation causes decreased preload
D. Increased cardiac output due to sympathetic activation
B. Diastolic dysfunction leads to impaired ventricular filling
Rationale: HFpEF is characterized by stiff ventricles that cannot relax properly, leading to
impaired filling and elevated diastolic pressures.
6. Which of the following best describes Graves’ disease?
A. Autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptors
B. Autoantibodies destroy thyroid tissue
C. Deficiency of iodine
D. Pituitary tumor secreting excess TSH
A. Autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptors
Rationale: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which stimulating antibodies
activate TSH receptors, causing hyperthyroidism.
7. Which of the following is a primary cause of secondary hypertension?
A. Obesity
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. High salt intake
D. Sedentary lifestyle
B. Renal artery stenosis
Rationale: Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable underlying condition, such
as renal artery stenosis, endocrine disorders, or medications.
, 8. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in Addison’s disease?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased
aldosterone, sodium loss, and potassium retention.
9. In chronic kidney disease, which of the following contributes most to secondary
hyperparathyroidism?
A. Hypophosphatemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Vitamin D deficiency
D. Increased calcitonin
C. Vitamin D deficiency
Rationale: CKD impairs vitamin D activation, reducing calcium absorption and stimulating
parathyroid hormone secretion (secondary hyperparathyroidism).
10. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of myelin
B. Autoantibodies block acetylcholine receptors
C. Dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia
D. Degeneration of motor neurons
B. Autoantibodies block acetylcholine receptors
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies interfere
with neuromuscular transmission by targeting acetylcholine receptors.
11. Which of the following conditions is associated with hypercoagulability?
A. Hemophilia A
B. Protein C deficiency
C. Vitamin K deficiency
D. Thrombocytopenia
B. Protein C deficiency
Rationale: Protein C deficiency impairs anticoagulation pathways, leading to increased risk
of thrombosis.
12. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of cirrhosis?
A. Acute infection of hepatocytes
B. Chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis and nodule formation
