EU Knowledge block 1
Treaty of Westphalia -> 1648
The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 was the birth for the modern states where 30 years of war came
to an end, in the treaty they defined borders and territory by sovereignty (dominance and
independence). It was the start of the European state system; the states started to negotiate
directly with each other based on principle of religious tolerances. This has been seen as the
start of international law.
Term Definition Key features
Country A land area with a border and a name. - Physical territory
Often shared identity or culture. Might - Recognized name and
not have full political independence. border
- May or might not have full
sovereignty
State A political and legal organisation thar has - Has a government
full control over a specific area and - Controls borders and
population. people
- Recognized sovereignty by
others
Nation A group of people who feel connected by - Shared identity
shared culture, language or history. - Cultural or ethnic brand
Without their own country or state. - May live across diTerent
countries.
Government A group or system that runs a state or - Makes and carries out laws
country. It makes decisions, enforces - Organizes public service
laws and provide services - Can take diTerent forms
The French revolution -> 1789
The French revolution was the start of the rise of Napoleon (1789 – 1813). It was the death of de
monarchy, it created a space for new politics, the power was going to be given to the people
(1789 -1799). Core values for this time were Liberte (freedom), Egalite (equality) and Fraternite
(brotherhood, solidarity).
Rise of Napoleon 1789 – 1813
Napoleon started as just a general elite who worked his way up to the politics and later to a
dictator, in 1804 he crowed himself as king.
He wanted to take over (conquest) the European states, he had fierce rivalry with the UK since
the they had maritime power. The UK exported the revolutionary ideas and enlightened (open
minded and educational) thinking within Europe.
Napoleon got defeated when invading Russia.
,Congress of Vienna 1815
The congress was the start of the so-called long 19th century; it meant the return of conservative
elites and what let to new monarchies and dynasties. It also introduced a shared power system
with liberal elites. The wealthy citizens and landowners could now participate and help improve
their cities. This was the start of multilateral diplomacy, where they introduced a system of
permanent embosses. This led to more power between the states where they could preserve the
peace on the continent.
Industrialization
The industrial revolution started in England with the steam engine that was fuelled by coal. The
impact of thus discovery is the same level of impact as the discovery as the wheel had on the
human life quality.
The industrialization was spread in 3 waves in Europe.
- First wave -> UK
- Second wave (mid 1800) -> Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, France and
Switzerland.
- Third wave (late 1800) -> Italy, Hungary, Russia and Scandinavia
Weakly industrialised -> Spain, Portugal, Ottoman Empire (Greece), Romania and Bulgaria
Colonialism, with its resources and overseas markets, led to changes in demographic and
migration patterns, shaped cultural and linguistic heritage, and created lasting economic
disparities. Some of these we still see in modern time. Japan, Korea and Thailand are the only
countries that never have been colonialist.
,The Troubled state of post-war Europe:
- France had suTered a war time division between collaborators and the resistance
worried how to modernize its economy and extended welfare provisions; its international
standing is unclear.
- Brittain had it the best during the war, politically stable and enjoyed rapid economic
recovery after the war. After the war in 1947 India and Pakistan gained independence.
- Ireland had been oTicially neutral during the war, but with its economy bound to the one
of Britain it post war approach to Europe was subject to the British lead.
- Germany found itself under four-way foreign occupation and by 1948 dived in two parts,
West Germany found itself in 1949. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer worked to side his new
state with the Atlantic Alliance to rebuild Germany.
- Austria had been left relatively unscathed by war although it was divided like Germany. It
returned quickly to its 1920 construction and held democratic elections. It declares itself
as neutral in 1995 but was economically still in European.
- Italy was less successful than West-Germany after the war in achieving economic and
political stability. A new Italian republic was created in June 1946 but there were frequent
changes of government.
- The five Nordic states had diTerent wartime experiences. Ranging from neutrality in
Sweden and Finland to invasion and German occupation for Denmark and Norway. In
1952 Nordic council was set up to promote ablation of passport controls the free
movement of workers and joint ventures.
The Bretton woods system 1994, the arrangement agreed at the Bretton Woods in 1994 by
which was hoped that the economic and financial mistakes of the mid-war years would be
avoided. Creating a new sustainable international commercial and financial system. The key
goal was to exchange rate stability, using gold as a reference point.
The system ended in August 1971 when USA unilaterally ended the convertibility of gold and US
Dollar. Encourage Europe to take the first steps in what would eventually lead to the creation of
the Euro.
Marshall plan, A program under which the US oTered financial assistance to encourage post
war recovery in Europe. Often credited with providing the investments needed to pave the way
for regional integration. “It helped the Europeans feel better about themselves”
The plan also helped lay critical foundations for European integration. The US insisted on the
creation of the OEEC.
The Organisation for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC), An international body set up
to coordinate and manage Marshall-aid. Which some see as the first step in process of post-war
European integration.
European Movement, an organization created in 1948 to champion the cause of the European
integration. It was behind the setting up of the council of Europe and continues today to lobby
for a federal Europe.
May 5th, 1950 -> Creation of the Council of Europe
, Council of Europe is an organisation founded in 1949 at the suggestion of Winston Churchill to
promote European unity and to focus on issues relating to democracy and human rights.
The Benelux was formed in 1944 and upgraded to the European union in 1958, new treaty
expanding cooperation in 2010 for more sustainable development and judicial cooperation.
Origins of European Integration
The origins of European integration after WII
Churchill speech for United States of Europe, first cooperation:
- Military cooperation for common defence from the West European Union (WEU) and
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
- Political cooperation emerged via organisation such as the council of Europe.
- Economic cooperation took root via the Organisation for European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) and the Benelux
The legacy of the two world wars made any form of cooperation involving France and Germany
extremely diTicult. Germany needed to recover its economy as soon as possible. Its large coal
resources in the Ruhr area were necessary for Europe’s recovery as well as the French steel
industry.
Many were feared that Germany would cause a new military conflict. By the fear, USA decided
that Germany needed to be part of the Western block as soon as possible,
1949 Federal Republic of Germany was formed and is part of the western block.
French fears were dealt with putting the coal industry under the supervision by the International
Authority for the Ruhr (IAR). IAR was responsible for the minimum and maximal of coal export.
The IAR was no success, Germany felt occupied and not eTicient. Jean Monnet came up with the
plan to pool both markets and to create a common market.
The West-EU was founded through the Brussels Treaty in 1948 by the UK, Benelux and France.
They have now incorporated in EU’s common security and defence policy Treaty -> 2011
NATO -> Military intergovernmental alliance member support members in case of war, similar
Treaty named in 1949 signed by 12 western countries such as, USA Canada, Uk, France and Italy.
Currently has 30 members.
Schumans Speech was a plan to bring Germanys coals production and Frances’s steel
production together in one European organisation, this could make war impossible and was the
first step to Europe’s integration and later the EU this would later make the ECSC the
characteristic of a supranational organisation.
Supranational organisation -> Countries would hand a part of their sovereignty to a third
neutral party who would supervise the execution of the terms of a treaty. The supranational
formula diTerentiated the organisations from all the other organisations which had been set up
Treaty of Westphalia -> 1648
The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 was the birth for the modern states where 30 years of war came
to an end, in the treaty they defined borders and territory by sovereignty (dominance and
independence). It was the start of the European state system; the states started to negotiate
directly with each other based on principle of religious tolerances. This has been seen as the
start of international law.
Term Definition Key features
Country A land area with a border and a name. - Physical territory
Often shared identity or culture. Might - Recognized name and
not have full political independence. border
- May or might not have full
sovereignty
State A political and legal organisation thar has - Has a government
full control over a specific area and - Controls borders and
population. people
- Recognized sovereignty by
others
Nation A group of people who feel connected by - Shared identity
shared culture, language or history. - Cultural or ethnic brand
Without their own country or state. - May live across diTerent
countries.
Government A group or system that runs a state or - Makes and carries out laws
country. It makes decisions, enforces - Organizes public service
laws and provide services - Can take diTerent forms
The French revolution -> 1789
The French revolution was the start of the rise of Napoleon (1789 – 1813). It was the death of de
monarchy, it created a space for new politics, the power was going to be given to the people
(1789 -1799). Core values for this time were Liberte (freedom), Egalite (equality) and Fraternite
(brotherhood, solidarity).
Rise of Napoleon 1789 – 1813
Napoleon started as just a general elite who worked his way up to the politics and later to a
dictator, in 1804 he crowed himself as king.
He wanted to take over (conquest) the European states, he had fierce rivalry with the UK since
the they had maritime power. The UK exported the revolutionary ideas and enlightened (open
minded and educational) thinking within Europe.
Napoleon got defeated when invading Russia.
,Congress of Vienna 1815
The congress was the start of the so-called long 19th century; it meant the return of conservative
elites and what let to new monarchies and dynasties. It also introduced a shared power system
with liberal elites. The wealthy citizens and landowners could now participate and help improve
their cities. This was the start of multilateral diplomacy, where they introduced a system of
permanent embosses. This led to more power between the states where they could preserve the
peace on the continent.
Industrialization
The industrial revolution started in England with the steam engine that was fuelled by coal. The
impact of thus discovery is the same level of impact as the discovery as the wheel had on the
human life quality.
The industrialization was spread in 3 waves in Europe.
- First wave -> UK
- Second wave (mid 1800) -> Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, France and
Switzerland.
- Third wave (late 1800) -> Italy, Hungary, Russia and Scandinavia
Weakly industrialised -> Spain, Portugal, Ottoman Empire (Greece), Romania and Bulgaria
Colonialism, with its resources and overseas markets, led to changes in demographic and
migration patterns, shaped cultural and linguistic heritage, and created lasting economic
disparities. Some of these we still see in modern time. Japan, Korea and Thailand are the only
countries that never have been colonialist.
,The Troubled state of post-war Europe:
- France had suTered a war time division between collaborators and the resistance
worried how to modernize its economy and extended welfare provisions; its international
standing is unclear.
- Brittain had it the best during the war, politically stable and enjoyed rapid economic
recovery after the war. After the war in 1947 India and Pakistan gained independence.
- Ireland had been oTicially neutral during the war, but with its economy bound to the one
of Britain it post war approach to Europe was subject to the British lead.
- Germany found itself under four-way foreign occupation and by 1948 dived in two parts,
West Germany found itself in 1949. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer worked to side his new
state with the Atlantic Alliance to rebuild Germany.
- Austria had been left relatively unscathed by war although it was divided like Germany. It
returned quickly to its 1920 construction and held democratic elections. It declares itself
as neutral in 1995 but was economically still in European.
- Italy was less successful than West-Germany after the war in achieving economic and
political stability. A new Italian republic was created in June 1946 but there were frequent
changes of government.
- The five Nordic states had diTerent wartime experiences. Ranging from neutrality in
Sweden and Finland to invasion and German occupation for Denmark and Norway. In
1952 Nordic council was set up to promote ablation of passport controls the free
movement of workers and joint ventures.
The Bretton woods system 1994, the arrangement agreed at the Bretton Woods in 1994 by
which was hoped that the economic and financial mistakes of the mid-war years would be
avoided. Creating a new sustainable international commercial and financial system. The key
goal was to exchange rate stability, using gold as a reference point.
The system ended in August 1971 when USA unilaterally ended the convertibility of gold and US
Dollar. Encourage Europe to take the first steps in what would eventually lead to the creation of
the Euro.
Marshall plan, A program under which the US oTered financial assistance to encourage post
war recovery in Europe. Often credited with providing the investments needed to pave the way
for regional integration. “It helped the Europeans feel better about themselves”
The plan also helped lay critical foundations for European integration. The US insisted on the
creation of the OEEC.
The Organisation for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC), An international body set up
to coordinate and manage Marshall-aid. Which some see as the first step in process of post-war
European integration.
European Movement, an organization created in 1948 to champion the cause of the European
integration. It was behind the setting up of the council of Europe and continues today to lobby
for a federal Europe.
May 5th, 1950 -> Creation of the Council of Europe
, Council of Europe is an organisation founded in 1949 at the suggestion of Winston Churchill to
promote European unity and to focus on issues relating to democracy and human rights.
The Benelux was formed in 1944 and upgraded to the European union in 1958, new treaty
expanding cooperation in 2010 for more sustainable development and judicial cooperation.
Origins of European Integration
The origins of European integration after WII
Churchill speech for United States of Europe, first cooperation:
- Military cooperation for common defence from the West European Union (WEU) and
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
- Political cooperation emerged via organisation such as the council of Europe.
- Economic cooperation took root via the Organisation for European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) and the Benelux
The legacy of the two world wars made any form of cooperation involving France and Germany
extremely diTicult. Germany needed to recover its economy as soon as possible. Its large coal
resources in the Ruhr area were necessary for Europe’s recovery as well as the French steel
industry.
Many were feared that Germany would cause a new military conflict. By the fear, USA decided
that Germany needed to be part of the Western block as soon as possible,
1949 Federal Republic of Germany was formed and is part of the western block.
French fears were dealt with putting the coal industry under the supervision by the International
Authority for the Ruhr (IAR). IAR was responsible for the minimum and maximal of coal export.
The IAR was no success, Germany felt occupied and not eTicient. Jean Monnet came up with the
plan to pool both markets and to create a common market.
The West-EU was founded through the Brussels Treaty in 1948 by the UK, Benelux and France.
They have now incorporated in EU’s common security and defence policy Treaty -> 2011
NATO -> Military intergovernmental alliance member support members in case of war, similar
Treaty named in 1949 signed by 12 western countries such as, USA Canada, Uk, France and Italy.
Currently has 30 members.
Schumans Speech was a plan to bring Germanys coals production and Frances’s steel
production together in one European organisation, this could make war impossible and was the
first step to Europe’s integration and later the EU this would later make the ECSC the
characteristic of a supranational organisation.
Supranational organisation -> Countries would hand a part of their sovereignty to a third
neutral party who would supervise the execution of the terms of a treaty. The supranational
formula diTerentiated the organisations from all the other organisations which had been set up
