BIO 230 EXAM 2 2025 LATEST EXAM BRADLEY
UNIVERSITY VERIFIED EXAM QUESTION AND
ANSWER GRADED A+ HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY I
Structural Characteristics of Erythrocytes
- superb example of complementarity and function
- This features make for efficient gas transport
Features of Erythrocyte's structure that make gas transport efficient
- Bioconcave shape offers huge surface area relative to volume for gas exchange
- hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume (not counting water)
RBCs have no mitochondria
Functions of Erythrocytes
- RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
- Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
- hemoglobin consists of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin
Hemoglobin Quantity
- each Hb molecule can transport four oxygen
- each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules
Oxygen Loading
O2 Loading in lungs: Oxyhemoglobin (Ruby red)
O2 Unloading in Tissues: Produce deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)
CO2 loading in tissues: 20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb, producing carbaminohemoglobin
,Production of Blood cells
hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis location
Occurs in red bone marrow; composed of reticular connective tissue and blood sinusoids
Hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)
- Stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements
- hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development
- committed cell cannot change
Stages of Erythropoiesis
1. Hematopoietic stem cell
2. Myeloid stem cell
3. Proerythroblast
4. Basophilic erythroblasts
5. Polychromatic erythroblasts
6. Orthochromatic erythroblasts
7. Reticulocytes
8. Mature erythrocyte
Erythropoiesis
process of formation of RBCs that takes about 15 days
Hematopoietic stem cell
Transforms into a myeloid stem cell
,Myeloid stem cell
transforms into proerythroblast
Proerythroblast
divides many times, transforming into basophilic erythroblasts
basophilic erythroblasts
synthesis many ribosomes, which stain blue
Hematocrit (~45%)
Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Buffy Coat (< 1%)
Contains WBCs and platelets
Plasma on top (55%)
makes up majority of blood volume
Physical Characteristics of blood
- sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
- color varies with oxygen content
- pH 7.35 - 7.45
- Makes up ~8% of body weight
- Male: 5-6 L
- Female: 4-5 L
, Blood color high oxygen levels
Bright, scarlet red
Blood color low oxygen levels
dark red
Blood Plasma
- A sticky, straw colored fluid made up of about 90% water
- 100+ dissolved solutes
- Plasma Proteins are most abundant solutes
Dissolved solutes in blood plasma
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Plasma Proteins
- Remain in blood; not taken up by the cell
- Albumin: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Albumin
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic
pressure
Formed elements
- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
- only WBCs are complete cells
- RBCs have no nuclei or other organelles
- Platelets are cell fragments
Structural Characteristics of an erythrocyte
UNIVERSITY VERIFIED EXAM QUESTION AND
ANSWER GRADED A+ HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY I
Structural Characteristics of Erythrocytes
- superb example of complementarity and function
- This features make for efficient gas transport
Features of Erythrocyte's structure that make gas transport efficient
- Bioconcave shape offers huge surface area relative to volume for gas exchange
- hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume (not counting water)
RBCs have no mitochondria
Functions of Erythrocytes
- RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
- Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
- hemoglobin consists of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin
Hemoglobin Quantity
- each Hb molecule can transport four oxygen
- each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules
Oxygen Loading
O2 Loading in lungs: Oxyhemoglobin (Ruby red)
O2 Unloading in Tissues: Produce deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)
CO2 loading in tissues: 20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb, producing carbaminohemoglobin
,Production of Blood cells
hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis location
Occurs in red bone marrow; composed of reticular connective tissue and blood sinusoids
Hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)
- Stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements
- hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development
- committed cell cannot change
Stages of Erythropoiesis
1. Hematopoietic stem cell
2. Myeloid stem cell
3. Proerythroblast
4. Basophilic erythroblasts
5. Polychromatic erythroblasts
6. Orthochromatic erythroblasts
7. Reticulocytes
8. Mature erythrocyte
Erythropoiesis
process of formation of RBCs that takes about 15 days
Hematopoietic stem cell
Transforms into a myeloid stem cell
,Myeloid stem cell
transforms into proerythroblast
Proerythroblast
divides many times, transforming into basophilic erythroblasts
basophilic erythroblasts
synthesis many ribosomes, which stain blue
Hematocrit (~45%)
Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Buffy Coat (< 1%)
Contains WBCs and platelets
Plasma on top (55%)
makes up majority of blood volume
Physical Characteristics of blood
- sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
- color varies with oxygen content
- pH 7.35 - 7.45
- Makes up ~8% of body weight
- Male: 5-6 L
- Female: 4-5 L
, Blood color high oxygen levels
Bright, scarlet red
Blood color low oxygen levels
dark red
Blood Plasma
- A sticky, straw colored fluid made up of about 90% water
- 100+ dissolved solutes
- Plasma Proteins are most abundant solutes
Dissolved solutes in blood plasma
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Plasma Proteins
- Remain in blood; not taken up by the cell
- Albumin: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Albumin
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic
pressure
Formed elements
- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
- only WBCs are complete cells
- RBCs have no nuclei or other organelles
- Platelets are cell fragments
Structural Characteristics of an erythrocyte
