1|Page
SCI 225 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2026 PROCTORED-
NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE LATEST UPDATE,100% CORRECT
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Topic: Inflammation
Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation during
the acute inflammatory response?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Prostaglandins
D. Leukotrienes
Answer: A. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells, causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
2. Topic: Cellular Adaptation
Hypertrophy refers to:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: B. Increase in cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy increases cell size (e.g., skeletal muscle growth);
hyperplasia increases cell number.
,2|Page
3. Topic: Acid–Base Balance
A patient with COPD is most at risk for which acid–base imbalance?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Chronic CO₂ retention from hypoventilation causes respiratory
acidosis.
4. Topic: Cancer Biology
Which of the following is considered a hallmark of cancer?
A. Increased apoptosis
B. Sustained proliferative signaling
C. Controlled angiogenesis
D. Stable genome
Answer: B. Sustained proliferative signaling
Rationale: Cancer cells have uncontrolled growth signaling, evade
apoptosis, and induce angiogenesis.
5. Topic: Fluid & Electrolytes
Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium disrupts cardiac conduction, increasing
arrhythmia risk.
6. Topic: Immunity
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?
,3|Page
A. T helper cells
B. B lymphocytes
C. Natural killer cells
D. Macrophages
Answer: B. B lymphocytes
Rationale: B cells produce antibodies; T cells are central to cell-mediated
immunity.
7. Topic: Neurology
Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of neurons that
secrete:
A. Acetylcholine
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. GABA
Answer: B. Dopamine
Rationale: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes
Parkinson’s symptoms.
8. Topic: Cardiovascular
Which lab marker is most specific for myocardial infarction?
A. CK-MB
B. LDH
C. Troponin I/T
D. Myoglobin
Answer: C. Troponin I/T
Rationale: Troponins are highly specific and sensitive for myocardial cell
injury.
9. Topic: Endocrine
Which condition results from excess cortisol secretion?
A. Addison’s disease
, 4|Page
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale: Cortisol excess causes weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump,
and hyperglycemia.
10. Topic: Hematology
Which anemia is characterized by large, immature red blood cells due to
B12 deficiency?
A. Iron-deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C. Pernicious anemia
Rationale: B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, producing megaloblastic
cells.
11. Topic: Pulmonary Disorders
Which is a hallmark of asthma?
A. Alveolar destruction
B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C. Loss of elastic recoil
D. Chronic hypoventilation
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma causes reversible airway obstruction.
12. Topic: Renal System
Prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually caused by:
A. Obstruction of urine outflow
B. Hypovolemia or decreased perfusion
C. Glomerulonephritis
SCI 225 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2026 PROCTORED-
NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE LATEST UPDATE,100% CORRECT
ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Topic: Inflammation
Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation during
the acute inflammatory response?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Prostaglandins
D. Leukotrienes
Answer: A. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells, causes vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability.
2. Topic: Cellular Adaptation
Hypertrophy refers to:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: B. Increase in cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy increases cell size (e.g., skeletal muscle growth);
hyperplasia increases cell number.
,2|Page
3. Topic: Acid–Base Balance
A patient with COPD is most at risk for which acid–base imbalance?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Chronic CO₂ retention from hypoventilation causes respiratory
acidosis.
4. Topic: Cancer Biology
Which of the following is considered a hallmark of cancer?
A. Increased apoptosis
B. Sustained proliferative signaling
C. Controlled angiogenesis
D. Stable genome
Answer: B. Sustained proliferative signaling
Rationale: Cancer cells have uncontrolled growth signaling, evade
apoptosis, and induce angiogenesis.
5. Topic: Fluid & Electrolytes
Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium disrupts cardiac conduction, increasing
arrhythmia risk.
6. Topic: Immunity
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?
,3|Page
A. T helper cells
B. B lymphocytes
C. Natural killer cells
D. Macrophages
Answer: B. B lymphocytes
Rationale: B cells produce antibodies; T cells are central to cell-mediated
immunity.
7. Topic: Neurology
Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of neurons that
secrete:
A. Acetylcholine
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. GABA
Answer: B. Dopamine
Rationale: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes
Parkinson’s symptoms.
8. Topic: Cardiovascular
Which lab marker is most specific for myocardial infarction?
A. CK-MB
B. LDH
C. Troponin I/T
D. Myoglobin
Answer: C. Troponin I/T
Rationale: Troponins are highly specific and sensitive for myocardial cell
injury.
9. Topic: Endocrine
Which condition results from excess cortisol secretion?
A. Addison’s disease
, 4|Page
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Acromegaly
Answer: B. Cushing’s syndrome
Rationale: Cortisol excess causes weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump,
and hyperglycemia.
10. Topic: Hematology
Which anemia is characterized by large, immature red blood cells due to
B12 deficiency?
A. Iron-deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C. Pernicious anemia
Rationale: B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, producing megaloblastic
cells.
11. Topic: Pulmonary Disorders
Which is a hallmark of asthma?
A. Alveolar destruction
B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C. Loss of elastic recoil
D. Chronic hypoventilation
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma causes reversible airway obstruction.
12. Topic: Renal System
Prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually caused by:
A. Obstruction of urine outflow
B. Hypovolemia or decreased perfusion
C. Glomerulonephritis
