BIO 208 ASSIGNMENT #1 (CH 1,2) EXAM
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
This kind of bacterial pneumonia can be difficult to diagnose. Often, patients (especially elderly
adults) may not produce enough sputum for specimen sampling. Gram stains and culture of
organisms are the mainstays of diagnostic tests, but they are often inconclusive within the time
frame necessary to manage the patient's disease. As such, more rapid testing is needed to
make efficient decisions on the etiology of the infection. For this reason, many hospital labs are
turning to serology, the use of specific antibody binding, to hasten diagnosis. The immune
system produces molecules known as antibodies during an infection. The antibodies float
through the body and are attracted to the foreign molecule, known as an antigen. Each
antibody interacts with a single specific antigen, so the bonding of an antibody to an antigen is
based in molecular interactions. Serology testing involves mixing a patient sample with antibo -
ANS ionic bonding
One of the most common causes of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive
bacterium. Surrounding the bacterium is a thick structural component layer known as a
capsule. This capsule is made up of repeating molecular units and serves as a sticky, protective
macromolecule. There are over 84 known different molecular configurations of capsule, and it
is the primary component of vaccines against this organism. The capsule is the antigen that we
commonly detect in the serology testing referred to in the previous question. Based on the
information given about capsules, which of the following types of molecules would you suspect
comprises an S. pneumoniae capsule? - ANS polysaccharide carbohydrate
While the lab is working on the diagnosis for the patient, the critical care team is assessing his
basic functions. Since any living organism carries out chemical reactions, an infection skews the
body's "normal" laboratory test values as the microbes compromise the body's functions.
Another test ordered for the patient is an arterial blood gas (ABG) test. ABGs are performed to
measure the pH, and amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The body carefully
regulates and maintains blood pH within a very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Abnormal pH
pg. 1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
This kind of bacterial pneumonia can be difficult to diagnose. Often, patients (especially elderly
adults) may not produce enough sputum for specimen sampling. Gram stains and culture of
organisms are the mainstays of diagnostic tests, but they are often inconclusive within the time
frame necessary to manage the patient's disease. As such, more rapid testing is needed to
make efficient decisions on the etiology of the infection. For this reason, many hospital labs are
turning to serology, the use of specific antibody binding, to hasten diagnosis. The immune
system produces molecules known as antibodies during an infection. The antibodies float
through the body and are attracted to the foreign molecule, known as an antigen. Each
antibody interacts with a single specific antigen, so the bonding of an antibody to an antigen is
based in molecular interactions. Serology testing involves mixing a patient sample with antibo -
ANS ionic bonding
One of the most common causes of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive
bacterium. Surrounding the bacterium is a thick structural component layer known as a
capsule. This capsule is made up of repeating molecular units and serves as a sticky, protective
macromolecule. There are over 84 known different molecular configurations of capsule, and it
is the primary component of vaccines against this organism. The capsule is the antigen that we
commonly detect in the serology testing referred to in the previous question. Based on the
information given about capsules, which of the following types of molecules would you suspect
comprises an S. pneumoniae capsule? - ANS polysaccharide carbohydrate
While the lab is working on the diagnosis for the patient, the critical care team is assessing his
basic functions. Since any living organism carries out chemical reactions, an infection skews the
body's "normal" laboratory test values as the microbes compromise the body's functions.
Another test ordered for the patient is an arterial blood gas (ABG) test. ABGs are performed to
measure the pH, and amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The body carefully
regulates and maintains blood pH within a very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Abnormal pH
pg. 1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
